Edit count of the user (user_editcount) | null |
Name of the user account (user_name) | '207.162.145.93' |
Age of the user account (user_age) | 0 |
Groups (including implicit) the user is in (user_groups) | [
0 => '*'
] |
Rights that the user has (user_rights) | [
0 => 'createaccount',
1 => 'read',
2 => 'edit',
3 => 'createtalk',
4 => 'writeapi',
5 => 'viewmyprivateinfo',
6 => 'editmyprivateinfo',
7 => 'editmyoptions',
8 => 'abusefilter-log-detail',
9 => 'urlshortener-create-url',
10 => 'centralauth-merge',
11 => 'abusefilter-view',
12 => 'abusefilter-log',
13 => 'vipsscaler-test'
] |
Whether or not a user is editing through the mobile interface (user_mobile) | false |
Whether the user is editing from mobile app (user_app) | false |
Page ID (page_id) | 19599929 |
Page namespace (page_namespace) | 0 |
Page title without namespace (page_title) | 'Republic of the Congo' |
Full page title (page_prefixedtitle) | 'Republic of the Congo' |
Edit protection level of the page (page_restrictions_edit) | [] |
Last ten users to contribute to the page (page_recent_contributors) | [
0 => '2405:3800:83B:A804:0:0:0:1',
1 => 'Chipmunkdavis',
2 => 'Lachielmao',
3 => '195.224.151.187',
4 => 'Black Kite',
5 => 'Makks2010',
6 => 'Cfls',
7 => 'MorgenMuffelMädchen',
8 => 'Aciram',
9 => 'LifeOnTheStream'
] |
Page age in seconds (page_age) | 715469264 |
Action (action) | 'edit' |
Edit summary/reason (summary) | '' |
Time since last page edit in seconds (page_last_edit_age) | 182233 |
Old content model (old_content_model) | 'wikitext' |
New content model (new_content_model) | 'wikitext' |
Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext) | '{{short description|Country in Central Africa}}
{{distinguish|text=the neighboring [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]], which used the same name from 1960 to 1964}}{{About|text=For entities with similar names, see [[Republic of the Congo (disambiguation)]]}}
{{pp-move|small=yes}}
{{use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Republic of the Congo
| native_name = {{Plainlist|
* {{native name|fr|République du Congo|fontsize=100%}}
* {{native name|ln|Republíki ya Kongó|fontsize=100%}}
* {{native name|mkw|Repubilika ya Kôngo|fontsize=100%}}
}}
| common_name = the Republic of Congo
| image_flag = Flag of the Republic of the Congo.svg
| flag_type = [[Flag of the Republic of the Congo|Flag]]
| image_coat = Coat of arms of the Republic of the Congo.svg
| symbol_type = [[Coat of arms of the Republic of the Congo|Coat of arms]]
| national_motto = {{native phrase|fr|"Unité, Travail, Progrès"|italics=off|nolink=on}}<br />({{Lang-en|"Unity, Work, Progress"}})
| image_map = {{Switcher|[[File:Republic of the Congo (orthographic projection).svg|frameless]]|Show globe|[[File:Location Republic of the Congo AU Africa.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show map of Africa|default=1}}
| map_caption =
| national_anthem = {{native name|fr|"[[La Congolaise]]"|italic=no|nolink=on}}<br />{{native name|kg|Besi Kôngo}}<br />({{Lang-en|"The Congolese"}})<div style="padding-top:0.5em;">{{center|[[File:National anthem of the Republic of the Congo.oga|center]]}}</div>
| official_languages = {{hlist |[[African French|French]] | [[Lingala language|Lingala]] | [[Kituba language|Kituba]]<ref name=Digitheque >{{cite web |url=https://mjp.univ-perp.fr/constit/cg2015.htm |language=fr |title=Constitution de 2015 |work=Digithèque matériaux juridiques et politiques, Jean-Pierre Maury, Université de Perpignan |access-date=2 January 2021 |archive-date=13 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313042001/http://mjp.univ-perp.fr/constit/cg2015.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>}}
| demonym = <span class="noautolink">[[Demographics of the Republic of the Congo|Congolese]]</span>
| ethnic_groups =
| capital = [[Brazzaville]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|4|16|S|15|17|E|type:city}}
| largest_city = capital
| government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Semi-presidential system|semi-presidential]] [[republic]] under a [[Dominant-party system|dominant-party]] [[authoritarian]] state<ref>{{Cite news |last=Tampa |first=Vava |date=2021-04-10 |title=Sassou rules like an emperor while Congolese die from extreme poverty |url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2021/apr/10/denis-sassou-nguesso-rules-like-an-emperor-while-congolese-die-from-extreme-poverty-congo-brazzaville |access-date=2024-01-04 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Elections in Congo-Brazzaville |url=https://www.dw.com/en/sassou-nguesso-clings-to-power-in-congo-brazzaville/a-19127711 |access-date=2024-01-04 |website=DW|date=2016-03-18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-23 |title=Congo Brazzaville's Sassou Nguesso re-elected with more than 88% of vote, early results show |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20210323-congo-brazzaville-s-sassou-nguesso-re-elected-with-more-than-88-of-vote-early-results-show |access-date=2024-01-04 |website=France 24 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Clark |first=John Frank |title=The failure of democracy in the Republic of Congo |date=2008 |publisher=L. Rienner |isbn=978-1-58826-555-5 |location=Boulder (Colo.)}}</ref>
| leader_title1 = [[President of the Republic of the Congo|President]]
| leader_name1 = [[Denis Sassou Nguesso]]
| leader_title2 = [[Prime Minister of the Republic of Congo|Prime Minister]]
| leader_name2 = [[Anatole Collinet Makosso]]
| legislature = [[Parliament of the Republic of the Congo|Parliament]]
| upper_house = [[Senate (Republic of the Congo)|Senate]]
| lower_house = [[National Assembly (Republic of the Congo)|National Assembly]]
| area_km2 = 342,000
| area_sq_mi = 132,047 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]-->
| area_rank = 64th <!-- Should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] -->
| percent_water = 3.3
| population_estimate = 5,677,493<ref>{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Congo, Republic of the|access-date=22 June 2023|year=2023}}</ref>
| population_estimate_year = 2023
| population_estimate_rank = 116th
| population_density_km2 = 17
| population_density_sq_mi = 33.1 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]-->
| GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $27.994 billion<ref name="IMFWEO.CG">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=634,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (Congo) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=IMF.org |date=10 October 2023 |access-date=17 October 2023}}</ref>
| GDP_PPP_year = 2023
| GDP_PPP_rank = 150th
| GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase }} $5,552<ref name="IMFWEO.CG" />
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 149th
| GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $14.407 billion<ref name="IMFWEO.CG" />
| GDP_nominal_year = 2023
| GDP_nominal_rank = 142nd
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $2,857<ref name="IMFWEO.CG" />
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 138th
| Gini_year = 2011
| Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady-->
| Gini = 40.2 <!--number only-->
| Gini_ref = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/|title=GINI index|publisher=World Bank|access-date=12 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150209003326/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI|archive-date=9 February 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>
| HDI_year = 2021<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year-->
| HDI_change = decrease<!--increase/decrease/steady-->
| HDI = 0.571 <!--number only-->
| HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{cite book|title=Human Development Report 2020 The Next Frontier: Human Development and the Anthropocene|date=15 December 2020|publisher=United Nations Development Programme|isbn=978-92-1-126442-5|pages=343–346|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2020.pdf|access-date=16 December 2020|archive-date=15 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201215063955/http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2020.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
| HDI_rank = 154th
| sovereignty_type = [[Independence]]
| established_event1 = Republic established
| established_date1 = 28 November 1958
| established_event2 = from France
| established_date2 = 15 August 1960
| currency = [[Central African CFA franc]]
| currency_code = XAF
| time_zone = [[West Africa Time|WAT]]
| utc_offset = +1
| date_format = dd/mm/yyyy
| drives_on = right
| calling_code = [[+242]]
| cctld = [[.cg]]
| religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap;
|87.1% [[Christianity]]
|8.0% [[Irreligion|no religion]]
|2.7% [[African Traditional Religion|traditional faiths]]
|1.2% [[Islam]]
|1.0% others
}}
| religion_year = 2020
| religion_ref = <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/republic-of-the-congo#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2020®ion_name=All%20Countries&restrictions_year=2016 | title=Religions in Republic of the Congo | PEW-GRF | access-date=8 October 2022 | archive-date=10 October 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010060035/http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/republic-of-the-congo#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2020®ion_name=All%20Countries&restrictions_year=2016 | url-status=dead }}</ref>
}}
The '''Republic of the Congo'''{{efn|{{lang-fr|République du Congo}}, {{lang-ln|Republíki ya Kongó}}.<br>Also known as '''Congo-Brazzaville''', the '''Congo Republic''',<ref>{{cite news|url=http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/international/countriesandterritories/congo/|title=Congo Republic|author1=SEWELL CHAN, MADELEINE KRUHLY|author2=HANNAH OLIVENNES|name-list-style=amp|date=12 May 2016|access-date=6 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140107004300/http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/international/countriesandterritories/congo/|archive-date=7 January 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ambacongofr.org">{{cite web|url=https://ambacongofr.org/index.php/le-congo|title=Le congo|access-date=3 June 2020|archive-date=3 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603040258/https://ambacongofr.org/index.php/le-congo|url-status=live}}</ref> or simply either '''Congo''' or '''the Congo'''.}} is a country located on the western coast of [[Central Africa]] to the west of the [[Congo River]]. It is bordered to the west by [[Gabon]], to the northwest by [[Cameroon]], to the northeast by the [[Central African Republic]], to the southeast by the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]], to the south by the [[Angola]]n [[exclave]] of [[Cabinda Province|Cabinda]], and to the southwest by the Atlantic Ocean.
The region was dominated by [[Bantu peoples|Bantu]]-speaking tribes at least 3,000 years ago, who built trade links leading into the [[Congo River]] basin. Congo was formerly part of the [[French colonial empire|French colony]] of [[French Equatorial Africa|Equatorial Africa]].<ref name="CIA">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/congo-republic-of-the/ |title=Congo, Republic of the |publisher=CIA – The World Factbook |access-date=30 May 2007 |archive-date=9 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109222956/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/congo-republic-of-the |url-status=live }}</ref> The Republic of the Congo was established on 28 November 1958 and gained independence from France in 1960. It was a [[Marxist–Leninist state]] from 1969 to 1992, under the name [[People's Republic of the Congo]]. The country has had multi-party elections since 1992, but a democratically elected government was ousted in the 1997 [[Republic of the Congo Civil War (1997–99)|Republic of the Congo Civil War]]. President [[Denis Sassou Nguesso]], who first came to power in 1979, ruled until 1992 and then again since after his reinstatement.
The Republic of the Congo is a member of the [[African Union]], the [[United Nations]], [[La Francophonie]], the [[Economic Community of Central African States]], and the [[Non-Aligned Movement]]. It has become the 4th-largest [[oil producer]] in the [[Gulf of Guinea]], providing the country with a degree of prosperity, with political and economic instability in some areas, and unequal distribution of oil revenue nationwide. [[Economy of the Republic of the Congo|Its economy]] is dependent on the oil sector,<ref name="2018_nzaou_kongo">{{cite book|last1=Nzaou-Kongo|first1=Aubin|title=Exploitation des hydrocarbures et protection de l'environnement en République du Congo : essai sur la complexité de leurs rapports à la lumière du droit international.|date=2018|url=https://www.idref.fr/229819249|access-date=15 January 2021|archive-date=9 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509074904/https://www.idref.fr/229819249|url-status=live}}</ref> and economic growth has slowed since [[2010s oil glut|the post-2015 drop in oil prices]]. [[Christianity]] is the most widely professed faith in the country.
==Etymology==
{{further|Congo River|Kongo people}}
It is named after the [[Congo River]] whose name is derived from [[Kingdom of Kongo|Kongo]], a [[Bantu peoples|Bantu]] kingdom which occupied its mouth around the time the [[Kingdom of Portugal|Portuguese]] first arrived in 1483<ref>Gates, Louis & Appiah, Anthony. ''Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience'', p. 1105. 1999.</ref> or 1484.<ref>Olson, James S. & Shadle, Robert. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=uyqepNdgUWkC&pg=PA225 Historical Dictionary of European Imperialism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502165932/https://books.google.com/books?id=uyqepNdgUWkC&pg=PA225 |date=2 May 2016 }}'', p. 225. Greenwood Publishing Grp., 1991. {{ISBN|0-313-26257-8}}.</ref> The kingdom's name derived from its people, the [[Bakongo]], an [[Endonym and exonym|endonym]] said to mean "hunters" ({{lang-kg|mukongo}}, ''nkongo'').<ref>Bentley, Wm. Holman. ''Pioneering on the Congo''. Fleming H. Revell Co., 1900.{{Verify source|date=October 2011}}</ref>
During the period when it was colonized by France, it was known as the ''[[French Congo]]'' or ''Middle Congo''. To distinguish it from the neighboring [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]], it is sometimes referred to as ''Congo (Brazzaville)'', ''Congo-Brazzaville'', or ''Little Congo''.<ref name="little congo">{{cite web |last1=Gjelten |first1=Tom |url=https://www.npr.org/2007/04/28/9896339/a-visit-to-the-other-congo-the-forgotten-congo |title=A Visit to the Other Congo, the Forgotten Congo |website=[[NPR]] |access-date=8 August 2023 |date=28 April 2007}}</ref> [[Brazzaville]] derives from the colony's founder, [[Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza|Pierre Savorgnan de Brazzà]], an Italian nobleman whose title referred to the town of Brazzacco, in the [[comune]] of [[Moruzzo]], whose name derived from the [[Latin language|Latin]] ''Brattius'' or ''Braccius'', both meaning "arm".<ref>Frau, Giovanni ''Dizionario Toponomastico Friuli-Venezia Giulia''. Istituto per l'Enciclopedia del Friuli-Venezia Giulia, 1978.</ref>
==History==
{{main|History of the Republic of the Congo}}
{{See also|Loango slavery harbour}}
[[Bantu peoples|Bantu-speaking peoples]] who founded tribes during the [[Bantu expansion]]s mostly displaced and absorbed the earlier inhabitants of the region, the [[African Pygmies|Pygmy]] people, about 1500{{nbsp}}BC. The [[Bakongo]], a Bantu ethnic group that occupied parts of what later is Angola, Gabon, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo, formed the basis for ethnic affinities and rivalries among those countries. Some Bantu kingdoms—including those of the [[Kongo Empire|Kongo]], the [[Kingdom of Loango|Loango]], and the [[Kingdom of Anziku|Teke]]—built trade links leading into the [[Congo Basin]].<ref name="dos2009">{{cite web|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2825.htm|title=Background Note: Republic of the Congo|publisher=Department of State|date=March 2009|access-date=25 June 2017|archive-date=14 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170714082702/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2825.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
The [[Kingdom of Portugal|Portuguese]] [[explorer]] [[Diogo Cão]] reached the mouth of the Congo in 1484.<ref name="DicImp"/> Commercial relationships grew between the inland Bantu kingdoms and European merchants who traded in commodities, manufactured goods, and people captured and enslaved in the [[hinterland]]s. After centuries as a central hub for transatlantic trade, direct European colonization of the Congo river delta began in the 19th century, subsequently eroding the power of the Bantu societies in the region.<ref>Boxer, C. R. ''The Portuguese Seaborne Empire, 1415–1825'', A. A. Knopf, 1969, {{ISBN|0090979400}}</ref>
[[File:Court of Loango.png|thumb|The court of [[N'Gangue M'voumbe Niambi]], from the book ''Description of Africa'' (1668)]]
The area north of the Congo River came under French sovereignty in 1880 as a result of [[Pierre de Brazza]]'s treaty with King Makoko<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/2752833.stm|title=BBC NEWS – Africa – The man who would be Congo's king|date=12 February 2003|access-date=29 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161129212544/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/2752833.stm|archive-date=29 November 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> of the [[Bateke]].<ref name="DicImp">Olson, James S. & Shadle, Robert. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=uyqepNdgUWkC&pg=PA225 Historical Dictionary of European Imperialism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502165932/https://books.google.com/books?id=uyqepNdgUWkC&pg=PA225 |date=2 May 2016 }}'', p. 225. Greenwood Publishing Group, 1991. {{ISBN|0-313-26257-8}}. Accessed 9 October 2011.</ref> After the death of Makoko, his widow Queen [[Ngalifourou]] upheld the terms of the treaty and became an ally to the colonizers.<ref>{{Citation|last=jeremy|first=rich|editor1-first=Emmanuel K|editor1-last=Akyeampong|editor2-first=Henry Louis|editor2-last=Gates|title=Ngalifourou|date=2012|url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195382075.001.0001/acref-9780195382075-e-1533|work=Dictionary of African Biography|publisher=Oxford University Press|language=en|doi=10.1093/acref/9780195382075.001.0001|isbn=978-0-19-538207-5|access-date=2021-01-16|archive-date=22 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122130300/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195382075.001.0001/acref-9780195382075-e-1533|url-status=live}}</ref> This Congo Colony became known first as [[French Congo]], then as Middle Congo in 1903.
In 1908, France organized [[French Equatorial Africa]] (AEF), comprising the Middle Congo, [[French Gabon|Gabon]], [[French Chad|Chad]], and [[Oubangui-Chari]] (what later is [[Central African Republic]]). The French designated [[Brazzaville]] as the federal capital. Economic development during the first 50 years of colonial rule in Congo centered on natural-resource extraction. Construction of the [[Congo–Ocean Railway]] following [[World War I]] has been estimated to have cost at least 14,000 lives.<ref name="DicImp"/>
During the [[Nazi occupation of France]] during [[World War II]], Brazzaville functioned as the symbolic capital of [[Free France]] between 1940 and 1943.<ref>United States State Department. Office of the Historian. ''A Guide to the United States' History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations, by Country, since 1776''. "[https://history.state.gov/countries/congo-republic Republic of the Congo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170512065606/https://history.state.gov/countries/congo-republic |date=12 May 2017 }}". Accessed 9 October 2010.</ref> The [[Brazzaville Conference of 1944]] heralded a period of reform in French colonial policy. Congo "benefited" from the postwar expansion of colonial administrative and infrastructure spending as a result of its central geographic location within AEF and the federal capital at Brazzaville.<ref name="dos2009"/> It had a local legislature after the adoption of the 1946 constitution that established the [[French Fourth Republic|Fourth Republic]].
Following the revision of the [[Constitution of France|French constitution]] that established the [[French Fifth Republic|Fifth Republic]] in 1958, AEF dissolved into its constituent parts, each of which became an autonomous colony within the [[French Community]]. During these reforms, Middle Congo became known as the Republic of the Congo in 1958<ref>United States State Department. Bureau of African Affairs. ''Background Notes''. "[https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2825.htm Republic of the Congo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190604183708/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2825.htm |date=4 June 2019 }} ". Accessed 9 October 2011.</ref> and published its first constitution in 1959.<ref>Robbers, Gerhard (2007). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=M3A-xgf1yM4C Encyclopedia of World Constitutions] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506124534/https://books.google.com/books?id=M3A-xgf1yM4C |date=6 May 2016 }}''. Infobase Publishing. {{ISBN|0-8160-6078-9}}. Accessed 9 October 2011.</ref> Antagonism between the [[Mbochi]]s (who favored [[Jacques Opangault]]) and the [[Lari people (Congo)|Lari]]s and [[Kongo people|Kongo]]s (who favored [[Fulbert Youlou]], the first black mayor elected in French Equatorial Africa) resulted in a series of riots in Brazzaville in February 1959, which the [[French Army]] subdued.<ref>[http://www.itnsource.com/shotlist//RTV/1959/02/27/BGY503110492/?s=evacuations CONGO REPUBLIC: BRAZZAVILLE RIOTS AFTERMATH] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140505233442/http://www.itnsource.com/shotlist//RTV/1959/02/27/BGY503110492/?s=evacuations |date=5 May 2014 }}. Reuters (27 February 1959)</ref>
Elections took place in April 1959. By the time the Congo became independent in August 1960, Opangault, the former opponent of Youlou, agreed to serve under him. Youlou, an avid anti-communist, became the first President of the Republic of the Congo.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/people/history/african-history-biographies/fulbert-youlou|title=Fulbert Youlou facts, information, pictures – Encyclopedia.com articles about Fulbert Youlou|access-date=27 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128051046/http://www.encyclopedia.com/people/history/african-history-biographies/fulbert-youlou|archive-date=28 November 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Since the political tension was so high in [[Pointe-Noire]], Youlou moved the capital to Brazzaville.
[[File:Alphonse Massamba-Debat.png|thumb|left|upright|[[Alphonse Massamba-Débat]]'s 1-party rule (1963–1968) attempted to implement a [[political economy|political economic]] strategy of "[[scientific socialism]]".]]
The Republic of the Congo became fully independent from France on 15 August 1960. Youlou ruled as the country's first president until labor elements and rival political parties instigated a [[Trois Glorieuses (1963)|3-day uprising]] that ousted him.<ref>[[Alain Mabanckou]] "The Lights of Pointe-Noire" {{ISBN|978-1620971901}}. 2013. p.175</ref> The Congolese military took over the country and installed a civilian provisional government headed by [[Alphonse Massamba-Débat]].
Under the 1963 constitution, Massamba-Débat was elected president for a five-year term.<ref name="dos2009"/> During [[Alphonse Massamba-Débat#Congo under Massamba-Débat (1963-1968)|Massamba-Débat's term in office]], the regime adopted "[[scientific socialism]]" as the country's constitutional ideology.<ref name="shillington301"/> In 1964, Congo sent an official team with a single athlete at the [[1964 Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]] for the first time in its history. In 1965, Congo established relations with the [[Soviet Union]], the [[China|People's Republic of China]], [[North Korea]], and [[North Vietnam]].<ref name="shillington301">{{cite book|title=Encyclopedia of African history|author=Shillington, Kevin |page=301|publisher=CRC Press|year=2005|isbn=978-1579582456}}</ref> On the economic and social level, Massamba-Débat led a healthy and rigorous management. Under his presidency, the Congo began to [[industrialize]] and the standard of living of the Congolese improved. Some large production units with large workforces were built: the textile factory of Kinsoundi, the palm groves of Etoumbi, the match factory of [[Bétou]], the shipyards of Yoro, etc. Health centers were created as well as school groups (colleges and elementary school). The country's school enrollment rate became the highest in Black Africa.<ref>John F. Clark, "Congo: Transition and the Struggle to Consolidate", in ''Political Reform in Francophone Africa'' (1997)</ref> At the same time, Brazzaville became a center for left-wing exiles from all over Central Africa. On the night of February 14 to 15, 1965, 3 public officials of the Republic of the Congo were kidnapped: {{ill|Lazare Matsocota|fr}} (prosecutor of the Republic), {{ill|Joseph Pouabou|fr}} (President of the Supreme Court), and {{ill|Anselme Massouémé|fr}} (director of the Congolese Information Agency). The bodies of 2 of these men were later found, mutilated, by the [[Congo River]].<ref>Bazenguissa-Ganga, Rémy. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=15Qza8LQcFMC Les voies du politique au Congo: essai de sociologie historique] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801213039/https://books.google.com/books?id=15Qza8LQcFMC |date=1 August 2020 }}''. Paris: Karthala, 1997. p. 110</ref><ref>''[https://books.google.com/books?id=UGoEAQAAIAAJ Africa Research Bulletin] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413223836/https://books.google.com/books?id=UGoEAQAAIAAJ |date=13 April 2021 }}''. Oxford, England: Blackwell, 1965. p. 242</ref> Massamba-Débat's regime invited some hundred [[Cuba]]n army troops into the country to train his party's militia units. These troops helped his government survive a [[1966 Republic of the Congo coup d'état attempt|''coup d'état'' in 1966]] led by paratroopers loyal to future President [[Marien Ngouabi]]. Massamba-Débat was unable to reconcile institutional, tribal, and ideological factions within the country<ref name="shillington301"/> and his regime ended with a bloodless [[1968 Republic of the Congo coup d'état|''coup'' in September 1968]].
Marien Ngouabi, who had participated in the coup, assumed the presidency on 31 December 1968. One year later, Ngouabi proclaimed the Congo Africa's first "people's republic", the [[People's Republic of the Congo]], and announced the decision of the National Revolutionary Movement to change its name to the [[Congolese Party of Labour|Congolese Labour Party]] (PCT). He survived an [[1972 Republic of the Congo coup d'état attempt|attempted ''coup'' in 1972]] and was assassinated on 18 March{{nbsp}}1977.<ref>"Congo President Slain by Gunman— Military Group Takes Control, Radio Reports", ''Los Angeles Times'', March 20, 1977, p. I-1</ref> An 11-member Military Committee of the Party (CMP) was then named to head an interim government, with [[Joachim Yhombi-Opango]] serving as president. Two years later, Yhombi-Opango was forced from power, and [[Denis Sassou Nguesso]] became the new president.<ref name="dos2009"/>
Sassou Nguesso aligned the country with the [[Eastern Bloc]] and signed a 20-year friendship pact with the Soviet Union. Over the years, Sassou had to rely more on [[political repression]] and less on [[patronage]] to maintain his dictatorship.<ref name="shillington302">{{cite book|title=Encyclopedia of African history|author=Shillington, Kevin |page=302|publisher=CRC Press|year=2005|isbn=978-1579582456}}</ref> The collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 resulted in the ending of Soviet aid to prop up the regime, and it abdicated power.
[[Pascal Lissouba]] who became Congo's first elected president (1992–1997) during the period of multi-party democracy attempted to implement economic reforms with IMF backing to liberalize the economy. In the years 1993 and 1994 the [[Republic of the Congo Civil War (1993–1994)|first Congo Civil War in Congo]] occurred. In June 1996, IMF approved a 3-year [[Special drawing rights|SDR]]69.5m (US$100m) enhanced structural adjustment facility (ESAF) and was on the verge of announcing a renewed annual agreement when civil war broke out in Congo in 1997.<ref>{{cite book |title=Country Report Congo-Brazzaville |year=2003 |publisher=The Economist Intelligence Unit |page=24 |url=http://store.eiu.com/Product.aspx?pid=50000205&gid=1310000331&sid=735820073 |access-date=16 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131013100410/http://store.eiu.com/Product.aspx?pid=50000205&gid=1310000331&sid=735820073 |archive-date=13 October 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>
Congo's democratic progress was derailed in 1997 when Lissouba and Sassou started to fight for power in the [[Republic of the Congo Civil War (1997-99)|civil war]]. As presidential elections scheduled for July 1997 approached, tensions between the Lissouba and Sassou camps mounted. On 5 June, President Lissouba's government forces surrounded Sassou's compound in Brazzaville, and Sassou ordered members of his private militia (known as "Cobras") to resist. Thus began a 4-month conflict that destroyed or damaged some of Brazzaville and caused tens of thousands of civilian deaths. In October, the Angolan government began an invasion of Congo to install Sassou in power and the Lissouba government fell. After that, Sassou declared himself president.<ref name="dos2009"/>
[[File:Pro-constitutional reform demonstration in Brazzaville - 2015-10 (21518932913).jpg|thumb|left|A pro-constitutional reform rally in Brazzaville during October 2015. The constitution's reforms were subsequently approved in a disputed election which saw demonstrations and violence.]]
In the [[Republic of the Congo presidential election, 2002|elections in 2002]], Sassou won with almost 90% of the vote cast. His 2 main rivals, Lissouba and Bernard Kolelas, were prevented from competing. A remaining rival, [[André Milongo]] advised his supporters to boycott the elections and then withdrew from the race.<ref name="freedomhouse">
{{cite web|url=http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=22&year=2006&country=7093|title=Congo, Republic of|year=2006|publisher=[[Freedom House]]|access-date=12 June 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091015231843/http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=22&country=7093&year=2006|archive-date=15 October 2009|url-status=live}}
</ref> A [[constitution]], agreed upon by [[Republic of the Congo constitutional referendum, 2002|referendum in January 2002]], granted the president new powers, extended his term to 7 years and introduced a new bicameral assembly. International observers took issue with the organization of the presidential election and the constitutional referendum, both of which were reminiscent in their organization of Congo's era of the 1-party state.<ref>
{{cite news | title=Congo approves new constitution | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1779007.stm | date=24 January 2002 | publisher=BBC | access-date=12 June 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090930011021/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1779007.stm | archive-date=30 September 2009 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}
</ref> Following the presidential elections, fighting restarted in the [[Pool Department|Pool region]] between government forces and rebels led by [[Pastor Ntumi]]; a peace treaty to end the conflict was signed in April 2003.<ref>
{{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/2859881.stm | title=Congo peace deal signed | date=18 March 2003 | publisher=BBC | access-date=15 June 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090930011034/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/2859881.stm | archive-date=30 September 2009 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}
</ref>
Sassou won the following [[Republic of the Congo presidential election, 2009|presidential election in July 2009]].<ref>
{{cite news | url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jqfjSxI0cOeNG4TITywUuuQMNTGA | title=17 candidates in Congo presidential race: commission | publisher=AFP | date=13 June 2009 | access-date=15 June 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110312165149/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jqfjSxI0cOeNG4TITywUuuQMNTGA | archive-date=12 March 2011 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}
</ref> According to the Congolese Observatory of Human Rights, a non-governmental organization, the election was marked by "very low" turnout and "fraud and irregularities".<ref>[http://www.france24.com/en/20090715-congo-government-expected-release-vote-results-fraud-opposition-poll Vote results expected as opposition alleges fraud] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090727141917/http://www.france24.com/en/20090715-congo-government-expected-release-vote-results-fraud-opposition-poll |date=27 July 2009 }}. France24 (16 July 2009).</ref> In March 2015, Sassou announced that he wanted to run for yet another term in office and a [[Republic of the Congo constitutional referendum, 2015|constitutional referendum]] in October resulted in a [[Constitution of the Republic of the Congo|changed constitution]] that allowed him to run during the [[Republic of the Congo presidential election, 2016|2016 presidential election]]. He won the election believed by some to be fraudulent. After violent protests in the capital, Sassou attacked the Pool region where the [[Ninja (militia)|Ninja rebel]]s of the civil war used to be based, in what was believed to be a distraction. This led to a revival of the Ninja rebels who launched attacks against the army in April 2016, leading 80,000 people to flee their homes. A ceasefire deal was signed in December 2017.<ref>
{{cite news|url=http://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/special-report/2018/06/18/updated-congo-brazzaville-s-hidden-war|title=Congo-Brazzaville's hidden war|publisher=New Humanitarian|date=18 June 2018|access-date=7 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408002300/http://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/special-report/2018/06/18/updated-congo-brazzaville-s-hidden-war|archive-date=8 April 2019|url-status=live}}
</ref>
In 2023, the [[Odzala National Park|Forest Massif of Odzala-Kokoua]], for its savanna ecosystems and post-glacial recolonisation of forests, was listed as a natural [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]].
== Government ==
{{main|Politics of the Republic of the Congo|Cabinet of the Republic of the Congo}}<!--Please add new information into relevant articles of the series-->
{{see also|Constitution of the Republic of the Congo|Foreign relations of the Republic of the Congo|Biens mal acquis}}
The government of the Republic is a [[semi-presidential system]] with an elected president who appoints the [[Cabinet of the Republic of the Congo|Council of Ministers, or Cabinet]]. The council, including the Prime Minister, is selected from the elected representatives in Parliament. Since the 1990s, the country has had a [[multi-party system|multi-party political system]] which is dominated by President [[Denis Sassou Nguesso]]. Sassou Nguesso is backed by his own [[Congolese Labour Party]] ({{lang-fr|Parti Congolais du Travail}}) as well as a range of smaller parties.
Sassou's regime has seen [[Political corruption|corruption]] revelations, with attempts to censor them. One French investigation found over 110 bank accounts and dozens of "lavish properties" in France.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://af.reuters.com/article/idAFLR9382820090429?pageNumber=3&virtualBrandChannel=0 |title=FACTBOX-African leaders' French assets under scrutiny |publisher=Reuters |date=29 April 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204033107/https://af.reuters.com/article/idAFLR9382820090429?pageNumber=3&virtualBrandChannel=0 |archive-date=4 February 2012 |access-date=1 July 2017}}</ref> Sassou denounced embezzlement investigations as "racist" and "colonial".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6948281.stm|title=Congo leader son fails in gag bid|publisher=BBC|date=15 August 2007|access-date=26 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090930011028/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6948281.stm|archive-date=30 September 2009|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fpif.org/fpiftxt/6209|title=Propping Up Africa's Dictators|publisher=Foreign Policy In Focus|date=22 June 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091012122950/http://www.fpif.org/fpiftxt/6209|archive-date=12 October 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/idAFLR9382820090429?pageNumber=3&virtualBrandChannel=0 |title=FACTBOX-African leaders' French assets under scrutiny |newspaper=Reuters |date=29 April 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204033107/https://af.reuters.com/article/idAFLR9382820090429?pageNumber=3&virtualBrandChannel=0 |archive-date=4 February 2012 }}</ref> Denis Christel Sassou-Nguesso, son of Denis Sassou Nguesso, has been named in association with the [[Panama Papers]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2016/04/04/les-africains-du-panama-1-les-circuits-offshore-des-fils-de_4895102_3212.html#JWAeAK6oVt0UvEe4.99 |title=Les Africains du Panama (1) : les circuits offshore des " fils de " |author1=Joan Tilouine |author2=ICIJ |date=4 April 2016 |work=Le Monde |language=fr |access-date=10 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161112044052/http://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2016/04/04/les-africains-du-panama-1-les-circuits-offshore-des-fils-de_4895102_3212.html#JWAeAK6oVt0UvEe4.99 |archive-date=12 November 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>
On 27 March 2015, Sassou Nguesso announced that his government would hold a referendum on changing the country's 2002 constitution to allow him to run for a third consecutive term in office.<ref>Ross, Aaron (27 March 2015) [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-congo-president-idUSKBN0MN25N20150327 Congo Republic president says expects referendum over the third term] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929205702/http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/03/27/us-congo-president-idUSKBN0MN25N20150327 |date=29 September 2015 }}. ''Reuters''</ref> On 25 October, the government held a referendum on allowing Sassou Nguesso to run in the next election. The government claimed that the proposal was approved by 92% of voters, with 72% of eligible voters participating. The opposition who boycotted the referendum said that the government's statistics were false and the vote was a fake one.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-congo-opposition-idUSKCN0SO24720151030#6gUx7xJL8tLmw1OB.97|title=Congo opposition holds ceremony for killed protesters=Reuters|newspaper=Reuters|date=30 October 2015|access-date=1 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151128070432/http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/10/30/us-congo-opposition-idUSKCN0SO24720151030#6gUx7xJL8tLmw1OB.97|archive-date=28 November 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> The election raised questions and was accompanied by civil unrest and police shootings of protesters;<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/international/2016/04/04/01003-20160404ARTFIG00174-violences-au-congo-le-gouvernement-accuse-les-opposants-a-sassou-nguesso.php |title=Violences au Congo : le government accuse les opposants à Sassou-Nguesso |work=Le Figaro |date=4 April 2016 |author=lefigaro.fr |language=fr |access-date=1 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160514153900/http://www.lefigaro.fr/international/2016/04/04/01003-20160404ARTFIG00174-violences-au-congo-le-gouvernement-accuse-les-opposants-a-sassou-nguesso.php |archive-date=14 May 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> at least 18 people were killed by security forces during opposition rallies leading up to the referendum held in October.
===Administrative divisions===
[[File:Congo regions named.png|thumb|upright=1.2|Map of the Republic of the Congo exhibiting its 12 departments]]
{{main|Departments of the Republic of the Congo|Communes of the Republic of the Congo|Districts of the Republic of the Congo}}
It is divided into 12 [[Departments of the Republic of the Congo|''départements'']] (departments). Departments are divided into communes and districts.<ref>
With inconsistent figures:
*The [http://www.presidence.cg/congo/administration.php site of the Presidency of the Republic of the Congo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090727221905/http://www.presidence.cg/congo/administration.php |date=27 July 2009 }} lists 11 departments, 7 communes, and 76 districts.
*The 2004 [http://www.cnsee.org/Publication/Annuaire_04.pdf Statistical directory of Congo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091113142137/http://www.cnsee.org/Publication/Annuaire_04.pdf |date=13 November 2009 }} lists 12 departments, 6 communes, and 85 districts
*A list of subprefects (higher representatives of State in a district) nominated in December 2008 lists 86 districts. Search {{cite web |url=http://www.zenga-mambu.com/fiche.php?id=693 |title=Archived copy |access-date=6 August 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090116112954/http://www.zenga-mambu.com/fiche.php?id=693 |archive-date=16 January 2009}}
*Finally, the good figures seem to come from [http://www.congo-siteportail.info/Les-donnees-generales-sur-le-Congo_a18.html this site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090518092837/http://www.congo-siteportail.info/Les-donnees-generales-sur-le-Congo_a18.html |date=18 May 2009 }}: 12 departments, 7 communes, and 86 districts
</ref>
These are:
{{columns-list|colwidth=10em|
*[[Bouenza Department|Bouenza]]
*[[Brazzaville]]
*[[Cuvette Department|Cuvette]]
*[[Cuvette-Ouest Department|Cuvette-Ouest]]
*[[Kouilou Department|Kouilou]]
*[[Lékoumou Department|Lékoumou]]
*[[Likouala Department|Likouala]]
*[[Niari Department|Niari]]
*[[Plateaux Department (Republic of the Congo)|Plateaux]]
*[[Pointe-Noire]]
*[[Pool Department|Pool]]
*[[Sangha Department (Republic of the Congo)|Sangha]]
}}
===Human rights===
{{main|Human rights in the Republic of the Congo|LGBT rights in the Republic of the Congo}}
Some [[Pygmies]] belong from birth to [[Bantu peoples|Bantu]]s in a relationship some refer to as slavery.<ref name=globalpost>{{cite news|url=http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/regions/africa/111113/pygmy-pets-congo-pygmies-slavery-human-rights|title=Pygmies in the Congo treated like "pets": report|publisher=globalpost.com|access-date=13 November 2011|date=13 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111114021904/http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/regions/africa/111113/pygmy-pets-congo-pygmies-slavery-human-rights|archive-date=14 November 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="internationalreportingproject">{{cite news |first=Katie |last=Thomas |title=Slaves of the Congo |url=http://internationalreportingproject.org/stories/view/slaves-of-the-congo |publisher=International Reporting Project |date=4 March 2007 |access-date=13 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714221201/http://internationalreportingproject.org/stories/view/slaves-of-the-congo |archive-date=14 July 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> The Congolese Human Rights Observatory says that the Pygmies are treated as property in the same way as pets.<ref name=globalpost/> On 30 December 2010, the [[Parliament of the Republic of the Congo|Congolese parliament]] adopted a law to promote and protect the rights of indigenous peoples.{{clarify|how's this working out in practice? The statutory law is 1 thing; and what is actually happening with human rights ''de facto'' in the countryside?|date=October 2019}} This law is "the first" of its kind in Africa.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iwgia.org/sw153.asp |title=UN expert praises Congo's draft law on indigenous rights |access-date=17 January 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101124090322/http://www.iwgia.org/sw153.asp |archive-date=24 November 2010}}. iwgia.org, 15 November 2010</ref>{{update after|2019|10|7}}
==Geography==
{{main|Geography of the Republic of the Congo}}
Natural landscapes range from the [[savanna]] plains in the North Niari flooded forests, to the Congo River, to the rugged mountains and forests of [[Mayombe]], and 170 km of beaches along the Atlantic coast.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/africa/congo/cgland.htm|title=Congo Geography|first=John|last=Moen|publisher=World Atlas|website=www.worldatlas.com|access-date=21 March 2020|archive-date=21 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200321044429/https://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/africa/congo/cgland.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:StatisticalData 1.svg|left|thumb|Climate diagram for [[Brazzaville]]]]
Congo is located in the central-western part of [[sub-Saharan Africa]], along the [[Equator]], lying between latitudes [[4th parallel north|4°N]] and [[5th parallel south|5°S]], and longitudes [[11th meridian east|11°]] and [[19th meridian east|19°E]]. To the south and east of it is the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]]. It is bounded by [[Gabon]] to the west, [[Cameroon]] and the [[Central African Republic]] to the north, and [[Cabinda (province)|Cabinda]] ([[Angola]]) to the southwest. It has a coast on the Atlantic Ocean.
The southwest is a coastal plain for which the primary drainage is the [[Kouilou-Niari River]]; the interior of the country consists of a central plateau between 2 basins to the south and north. Forests are under increasing exploitation pressure.<ref>[http://pdf.wri.org/gfw_congo_atlas_v1_affiche_fr.pdf Map: Situation de l'exploitation forestière en République du Congo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114040015/http://pdf.wri.org/gfw_congo_atlas_v1_affiche_fr.pdf |date=14 January 2009 }}. (PDF) . Retrieved on 25 February 2013.</ref> Congo had a 2018 [[Forest Landscape Integrity Index]] mean score of 8.89/10, ranking it 12th globally out of 172 countries.<ref name="FLII-Supplementary">{{cite journal|last1=Grantham|first1=H. S.|last2=Duncan|first2=A.|last3=Evans|first3=T. D.|last4=Jones|first4=K. R.|last5=Beyer|first5=H. L.|last6=Schuster|first6=R.|last7=Walston|first7=J.|last8=Ray|first8=J. C.|last9=Robinson|first9=J. G.|last10=Callow|first10=M.|last11=Clements|first11=T.|last12=Costa|first12=H. M.|last13=DeGemmis|first13=A.|last14=Elsen|first14=P. R.|last15=Ervin|first15=J.|last16=Franco|first16=P.|last17=Goldman|first17=E.|last18=Goetz|first18=S.|last19=Hansen|first19=A.|last20=Hofsvang|first20=E.|last21=Jantz|first21=P.|last22=Jupiter|first22=S.|last23=Kang|first23=A.|last24=Langhammer|first24=P.|last25=Laurance|first25=W. F.|last26=Lieberman|first26=S.|last27=Linkie|first27=M.|last28=Malhi|first28=Y.|last29=Maxwell|first29=S.|last30=Mendez|first30=M.|last31=Mittermeier|first31=R.|last32=Murray|first32=N. J.|last33=Possingham|first33=H.|last34=Radachowsky|first34=J.|last35=Saatchi|first35=S.|last36=Samper|first36=C.|last37=Silverman|first37=J.|last38=Shapiro|first38=A.|last39=Strassburg|first39=B.|last40=Stevens|first40=T.|last41=Stokes|first41=E.|last42=Taylor|first42=R.|last43=Tear|first43=T.|last44=Tizard|first44=R.|last45=Venter|first45=O.|last46=Visconti|first46=P.|last47=Wang|first47=S.|last48=Watson|first48=J. E. M.|title=Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity - Supplementary Material|journal=Nature Communications|volume=11|issue=1|year=2020|page=5978|issn=2041-1723|doi=10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3|pmid=33293507|pmc=7723057|bibcode=2020NatCo..11.5978G }}</ref>
Congo lies within 4 terrestrial ecoregions: [[Atlantic Equatorial coastal forests]], [[Northwestern Congolian lowland forests]], [[Western Congolian swamp forests]], and [[Western Congolian forest–savanna mosaic]].<ref name="DinersteinOlson2017">{{cite journal|last1=Dinerstein|first1=Eric|last2=Olson|first2=David|last3=Joshi|first3=Anup|last4=Vynne|first4=Carly|last5=Burgess|first5=Neil D.|last6=Wikramanayake|first6=Eric|last7=Hahn|first7=Nathan|last8=Palminteri|first8=Suzanne|last9=Hedao|first9=Prashant|last10=Noss|first10=Reed|last11=Hansen|first11=Matt|last12=Locke|first12=Harvey|last13=Ellis|first13=Erle C|last14=Jones|first14=Benjamin|last15=Barber|first15=Charles Victor|last16=Hayes|first16=Randy|last17=Kormos|first17=Cyril|last18=Martin|first18=Vance|last19=Crist|first19=Eileen|last20=Sechrest|first20=Wes|last21=Price|first21=Lori|last22=Baillie|first22=Jonathan E. M.|last23=Weeden|first23=Don|last24=Suckling|first24=Kierán|last25=Davis|first25=Crystal|last26=Sizer|first26=Nigel|last27=Moore|first27=Rebecca|last28=Thau|first28=David|last29=Birch|first29=Tanya|last30=Potapov|first30=Peter|last31=Turubanova|first31=Svetlana|last32=Tyukavina|first32=Alexandra|last33=de Souza|first33=Nadia|last34=Pintea|first34=Lilian|last35=Brito|first35=José C.|last36=Llewellyn|first36=Othman A.|last37=Miller|first37=Anthony G.|last38=Patzelt|first38=Annette|last39=Ghazanfar|first39=Shahina A.|last40=Timberlake|first40=Jonathan|last41=Klöser|first41=Heinz|last42=Shennan-Farpón|first42=Yara|last43=Kindt|first43=Roeland|last44=Lillesø|first44=Jens-Peter Barnekow|last45=van Breugel|first45=Paulo|last46=Graudal|first46=Lars|last47=Voge|first47=Maianna|last48=Al-Shammari|first48=Khalaf F.|last49=Saleem|first49=Muhammad|title=An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm|journal=BioScience|volume=67|issue=6|year=2017|pages=534–545|issn=0006-3568|doi=10.1093/biosci/bix014|pmid=28608869|pmc=5451287}}</ref> Since the country is located on the Equator, the climate is more consistent year-round, with the average day temperature a humid {{convert|24|C|F}} and nights generally between {{convert|16|C|F}} and {{convert|21|C|F}}. The average yearly rainfall ranges from {{convert|1100|mm|in}} in the [[Niari Valley]] in the south to over {{convert|2000|mm|in}} in central parts. The dry season is from June to August, while in the majority of the country, the wet season has 2 rainfall maxima: 1 in March–May and another in September–November.<ref>{{cite journal
| title = Rainfall and temperature variations over Congo-Brazzaville between 1950 and 1998
|author1=Samba G. |author2=Nganga D. |author3=Mpounza M. | journal = Theoretical and Applied Climatology
| volume = 91
| issue = 1–4
| pages = 85–97
| year = 2008
| doi=10.1007/s00704-007-0298-0| bibcode = 2008ThApC..91...85S
|s2cid=120659948 }}</ref>
In 2006–07, researchers from the [[Wildlife Conservation Society]] studied gorillas in "heavily forested" regions centered on the [[Ouesso District]] of the [[Sangha Region]]. They suggest a population on the order of 125,000 [[western lowland gorilla]]s whose isolation from humans has been mostly preserved by "inhospitable" swamps.<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=93254830 |title = 'Mother Lode' Of Gorillas Found In Congo Forests : NPR |newspaper = NPR.org |access-date = 15 August 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080828044221/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=93254830 |archive-date = 28 August 2008 |url-status = live |df = dmy-all }}</ref>
===Wildlife===
{{Main|Wildlife of the Republic of the Congo}}
==Economy==
{{main|Economy of the Republic of the Congo}}
{{see also|Hydrocarbon exploration|List of companies of the Republic of the Congo}}
[[File:GDP per capita development of the Republic of the Congo.svg|thumb|GDP per capita development, 1950 to 2018]]
[[File:Republic of the Congo Product Exports (2019).svg|thumb|right|A proportional representation of Republic of the Congo exports, 2019]]
The economy is a mixture of village agriculture and handicrafts, an industrial sector based mainly on [[petroleum]],<ref name="eia">{{cite web|url=http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/congo2.html |title=Congo-Brazzaville |publisher=Energy Information Administration, U.S. Government |access-date=11 June 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080323115110/http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/congo2.html |archive-date=23 March 2008 }}</ref><ref name="2018_nzaou_kongo"/> support services, and a government characterized by budget problems and "overstaffing". Petroleum extraction has supplanted [[forestry]] as the mainstay of the economy. In 2008, the oil sector accounted for 65% of the [[GDP]], 85% of government revenue, and 92% of exports.<ref>[http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/AFRICAEXT/CONGOEXTN/0,,menuPK:349223~pagePK:141132~piPK:141107~theSitePK:349199,00.html Republic of the Congo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090504123157/http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/AFRICAEXT/CONGOEXTN/0,,menuPK:349223~pagePK:141132~piPK:141107~theSitePK:349199,00.html |date=4 May 2009 }} World Bank</ref> The country has untapped [[Mining in the Republic of the Congo|mineral]] wealth.<ref name="2018_nzaou_kongo"/>
In the 1980s, rising oil revenues enabled the government to finance larger-scale development projects. GDP grew an average of 5% annually. The government has mortgaged a portion of its petroleum earnings, contributing to a "shortage of revenues". On 12 January 1994, the devaluation of [[CFA franc|Franc Zone]] currencies by 50% resulted in an inflation of 46% in 1994, and inflation has subsided since.<ref>
{{cite web
| url = http://www.econstats.com/weo/CCOG.htm
| title = Congo, Republic of
| publisher = EconStats
| access-date = 11 June 2009
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090428114157/http://www.econstats.com/weo/CCOG.htm
| archive-date = 28 April 2009
| url-status = live
| df = dmy-all
}}
</ref>
[[File:Jeunes filles apprenant la couture - Ecole Spéciale de Brazzaville.jpg|thumb|Women learning to sew, Brazzaville]]
Economic reform efforts continued with the support of international organizations, including the [[World Bank]] and the [[International Monetary Fund]]. The reform program came to a halt in June 1997 when civil war erupted. When Sassou Nguesso returned to power in October 1997, he publicly expressed interest in moving forward on [[economic reform]]s and [[privatization]] and in renewing cooperation with international financial institutions. Economic progress was "badly hurt" by slumping oil prices and the resumption of armed conflict in December 1998, which "worsened" the republic's budget deficit.
The administration presides over an "uneasy internal peace" and faces "difficult" economic problems of stimulating recovery and reducing poverty, with record-high oil prices since 2003. Natural gas and diamonds are other exports, while Congo was excluded from the [[Kimberley Process]] in 2004 amid allegations that most of its diamond exports were, in fact, being smuggled out of the neighboring [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]]; it was re-admitted to the group in 2007.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kimberleyprocess.com/download/getfile/310 |title=Kimberley Process Removes the Republic of Congo from the List of Participants |publisher=[[Kimberley Process]] |date=9 July 2004 |access-date=11 June 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090510045124/http://www.kimberleyprocess.com/download/getfile/310 |archive-date=10 May 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kimberleyprocess.com/download/getfile/678 |title=2007 Kimberley Process Communiqué |publisher=[[Kimberley Process]] |date=8 November 2007 |access-date=11 June 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080304225023/http://www.kimberleyprocess.com/download/getfile/678 |archive-date=4 March 2008 }}</ref>
The Republic of the Congo has untapped base metal, gold, iron, and phosphate deposits.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.mbendi.com/indy/ming/af/co/p0005.htm | title=Mining in Congo | publisher=MBendi | access-date=14 June 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227073149/https://www.mbendi.com/indy/ming/af/co/p0005.htm | archive-date=27 December 2016 | url-status=dead | df=dmy-all }}</ref> It is a member of the [[Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa]] (OHADA).<ref name="ohada.com">
{{cite web
| title = OHADA.com: The business law portal in Africa
| url = http://www.ohada.com/index.php
| access-date = 22 March 2009
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090326033744/http://www.ohada.com/index.php
| archive-date = 26 March 2009
| url-status = live
| df = dmy-all
}}
</ref> The Congolese government signed an agreement in 2009 to lease 200,000 hectares of land to [[South Africa]]n farmers to reduce its dependence on imports.<ref>Goodspeed, Peter (21 October 2009) {{cite web |url=https://nationalpost.com/news/story.html?id=2130070 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20110218183659/http://www.nationalpost.com/news/story.html?id=2130070 |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 February 2011 |title=South Africa's white farmers prepare to trek to the Congo |access-date=10 September 2016}}. National Post.</ref><ref>[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/congo/6398253/Congo-hands-land-to-South-African-farmers.html Congo hands land to South African farmers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180521201638/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/congo/6398253/Congo-hands-land-to-South-African-farmers.html |date=21 May 2018 }}. Telegraph. 21 October 2009.</ref>
The GDP of the Republic of the Congo grew by 6% in 2014 and is expected to have grown by 7.5% in 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Republic of the Congo GDP Annual Growth Rate|website = Trading Economics}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.gfmag.com/global-data/country-data/republic-of-the-congo-gdp-country-report|title = Republic of the Congo GDP and Economic Data|access-date = 14 January 2016|website = Global Finance|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160124211901/http://www.gfmag.com/global-data/country-data/republic-of-the-congo-gdp-country-report|archive-date = 24 January 2016|url-status = live|df = dmy-all}}</ref>
In 2018, the Republic of the Congo joined the [[Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries]].<ref>{{cite web |title=OPEC Member Countries |url=https://www.opec.org/opec_web/en/about_us/25.htm |publisher=Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries |access-date=20 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190208202051/https://www.opec.org/opec_web/en/about_us/25.htm |archive-date=8 February 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>
[[Congo–Ocean Railway]] was [[Congo–Ocean Railway#History|built by forced laborers]] during the 1930s. Some colonial architectural heritage is preserved. Restoration of architectural works is underway in Brazzaville, for example, at the Basilica of Sainte-Anne du Congo, which was completed in 2011.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://latitudefrance.org/25-mars-Inauguration-officielle-de.html|title=Inauguration de la basilique Sainte-Anne du Congo à Brazzaville|newspaper=Latitude France|place=Brazzaville|date=31 March 2011|access-date=21 March 2020|language=fr|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110413224106/http://latitudefrance.org/25-mars-Inauguration-officielle-de.html|archive-date=13 April 2011}}</ref>
==Demographics==
{{main|Demographics of the Republic of the Congo}}
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Religion in the Republic of the Congo by the [[Association of Religion Data Archives]] (2015)<ref name="ARDA">{{cite web|date=2015|title=Congo, Republic of the|access-date=18 May 2020|publisher=[[Association of Religion Data Archives]]|url=http://www.thearda.com/internationalData/countries/Country_58_1.asp|archive-date=22 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022230535/https://thearda.com/internationalData/countries/Country_58_1.asp|url-status=live}}</ref>
|label1 = [[Roman Catholic]]
|value1 = 52.9
|color1 = Blue
|label2 = [[Protestant]] and other Christian
|value2 = 35.6
|color2 = DarkOrchid
|label3 = [[Traditional African religions]]
|value3 = 4.7
|color3 = Gold
|label4 = Other religions
|value4 = 2.3
|color4 = MediumSeaGreen
|label5 = No religion
|value5 = 3.0
|color5 = Grey
|label6 = Don't know
|color6 = black
|value6 = 1.4
}}
{|class="wikitable" style="float: right; margin-left: 10px"
|+Population{{UN_Population|ref}}
! Year
! Million
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|1950 ||style="text-align:right;"|0.8
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|2000 ||style="text-align:right;"|3.2
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|{{UN_Population|Year}} ||style="text-align:right;"|{{#expr:{{formatnum:{{UN_Population|Congo}}|R}}/1e6 round 1}}
|}
Its population is concentrated in the southwestern portion, leaving the areas of tropical [[jungle]] in the north virtually uninhabited. 70% of its total population lives in urban areas, namely in [[Brazzaville]], [[Pointe-Noire]], or one of the cities or villages lining the {{convert|534|km|adj=on}}, railway which connects the two cities. In rural areas, industrial and commercial activity has declined in some years, leaving rural economies dependent on the government for support and subsistence.<ref name="StateDept"/>
[[Ethnologue]] recognizes 62 spoken languages in the country.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=CG | title=Languages of Congo | publisher=SIL International | access-date=13 June 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080923225148/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=CG | archive-date=23 September 2008 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref> The [[Kongo people|Kongo]] are the largest ethnic group and form roughly half of the population. The most significant subgroups of the Kongo are [[Lari (ethnic group)|Laari]], in Brazzaville and Pool regions, and the [[Vili people|Vili]], around Pointe-Noire and along the Atlantic coast. The second largest group is the [[Bateke|Teke]], who live to the north of Brazzaville, with 16.9% of the population. [[Mbochi people|Mbochi]] live in the north, east and in Brazzaville and form 13.1% of the population.<ref>{{cite book | title=Ethnic groups worldwide | author=Levinson, David | year=1998 | pages=120–121 | isbn=978-1-57356-019-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uwi-rv3VV6cC&pg=PA120 | publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group | access-date=20 December 2020 | archive-date=13 April 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413223837/https://books.google.com/books?id=uwi-rv3VV6cC&pg=PA120 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.minorityrights.org/?lid=4141 | title=Congo Overview | publisher=Minority Rights Group International | access-date=13 June 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080614031740/http://www.minorityrights.org/?lid=4141 | archive-date=14 June 2008 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref> [[Pygmies]] make up 2% of Congo's population.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2011/08/05/les-pygmees-du-congo-en-danger-d-extinction_1556735_3212.html#ens_id=1259967 | title=Les pygmées du Congo en "danger d'extinction" | newspaper=Le Monde | date=5 August 2011 | access-date=5 November 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107030414/http://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2011/08/05/les-pygmees-du-congo-en-danger-d-extinction_1556735_3212.html#ens_id=1259967 | archive-date=7 November 2017 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref>
Before the 1997 war, about 9,000 Europeans and other non-Africans lived in Congo, most of whom were [[French people|French]]; a fraction of this number remains.<ref name="StateDept">[https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2825.htm#people Background Note: Republic of the Congo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190604183708/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2825.htm#people |date=4 June 2019 }} [[United States Department of State]]. Accessed on 21 August 2008.</ref> Around 300 [[United States|American]] immigrants reside in the Congo.<ref name="StateDept"/>
According to CIA World Factbook, the people of the Republic of the Congo are largely a mix of [[Catholics]] (33.1%), [[Awakening (Finnish religious movement)|Awakening Lutherans]] (22.3%), and other [[Protestants]] (19.9%) as of 2007. Followers of [[Islam]] make up 1.6%; this is primarily due to an influx of foreign workers into the urban centers.<ref name="CIA" />
According to a 2011–12 survey, the total fertility rate was 5.1 children born per woman, with 4.5 in urban areas and 6.5 in rural areas.<ref>[http://www.measuredhs.com/pubs/pdf/FR267/FR267.pdf Congo. Enquête Démographique et de Santé 2011–2012] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222140728/http://www.measuredhs.com/pubs/pdf/FR267/FR267.pdf |date=22 February 2014 }}. Centre National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques (CNSEE), Brazzaville. December 2012</ref>
{{Largest cities
| country = Republic of the Congo
| stat_ref = [https://www.citypopulation.de/Congo.html City Population: CONGO (REP.)]
| list_by_pop =
| div_name =
| div_link = Departments of the Republic of the Congo{{!}}Department
| city_1 = Brazzaville
| div_1 = Brazzaville Department{{!}}Brazzaville
| pop_1 = 1,373,382
| img_1 = Brazzaville bird eye view.jpg
| city_2 = Pointe-Noire
| div_2 = Pointe-Noire Department{{!}}Pointe-Noire
| pop_2 = 715,334
| img_2 = Pointe-Noire downtown.jpg
| city_3 = Dolisie
| div_3 = Niari Department{{!}}Niari
| pop_3 = 83,798
| img_3 =
| city_4 =Nkayi, Republic of the Congo{{!}}Nkayi
| div_4 = Bouenza
| pop_4 = 71,620
| img_4 =
| city_5 = Impfondo
| div_5 = Likouala Department{{!}}Likouala
| pop_5 = 33,911
| img_5 =
| city_6 = Ouésso
| div_6 = Sangha Department (Republic of the Congo){{!}}Sangha
| pop_6 = 28,179
| img_6 =
| city_7 = Madingou
| div_7 = Bouenza Department{{!}}Bouenza
| pop_7 = 25,713
| img_7 =
| city_8 = Owando
| div_8 = Cuvette Department{{!}}Cuvette
| pop_8 = 24,736
| img_8 =
| city_9 = Sibiti
| div_9 = Lékoumou Department{{!}}Lékoumou
| pop_9 = 22,951
| img_9 =
| city_10 = Loutété
| div_10 = Bouenza Department{{!}}Bouenza
| pop_10 = 19,212
| img_10 =
}}
===Health===
{{Further|Health in the Republic of the Congo}}
Public expenditure health was at 8.9% of the GDP in 2004 whereas private expenditure was at 1.3%.<ref name="hdrstats.undp.org">{{cite web |url=http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/countries/data_sheets/cty_ds_COG.html |title=Human Development Report 2009 |access-date=24 June 2014 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100117223815/http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/countries/data_sheets/cty_ds_COG.html |archive-date=17 January 2010}}. undp.org</ref>
{{As of|2012}}, the [[HIV/AIDS]] prevalence was at 2.8% among 15- to 49-year-olds.<ref name="CIA" /> Health expenditure was at US$30 per capita in 2004.<ref name="hdrstats.undp.org"/> A proportion of the population is undernourished,<ref name="hdrstats.undp.org"/> and [[malnutrition]] is a problem in Congo-Brazzaville.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.irinnews.org/report/73653/congo-grappling-with-malnutrition-and-post-conflict-woes|title=IRIN Africa – CONGO: Grappling with malnutrition and post-conflict woes – Congo – Food Security – Health & Nutrition|work=IRINnews|access-date=23 January 2015|date=8 August 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129020635/http://www.irinnews.org/report/73653/congo-grappling-with-malnutrition-and-post-conflict-woes|archive-date=29 November 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> There were 20 physicians per 100,000 persons in the 2000s (decade).<ref name="hdrstats.undp.org"/>
{{As of|2010}}, the [[maternal mortality]] rate was 560 deaths/100,000 live births, and the [[infant mortality]] rate was 59.34 deaths/1,000 live births.<ref name="CIA" /> [[Female genital mutilation]] (FGM) is confined to limited geographic areas.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://inthenews.unfpa.org/?p=15146|title=CONGO (BRAZZAVILLE): UNFPA Leads Fight Against FGM " UNFPA in the News|access-date=23 January 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129011052/http://inthenews.unfpa.org/?p=15146|archive-date=29 November 2014}}</ref>
===Education===
{{main|Education in the Republic of the Congo}}
[[File:SAINTE RITA CONG-BR2.jpg|thumb|School children in the classroom, Republic of the Congo]]
Public expenditure of the GDP was less in 2002–05 than in 1991.<ref name="hdrstats.undp.org"/> Public education is theoretically free and mandatory for under-16-year-olds,<ref name="unhcr.org">[http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,,,COG,456d621e2,4aba3ee628,0.html Refworld | 2008 Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor – Congo, Republic of the] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510033931/http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,,,COG,456d621e2,4aba3ee628,0.html |date=10 May 2011 }}. UNHCR. Retrieved on 25 February 2013.</ref> and in practice, expenses exist.<ref name="unhcr.org"/> In 2005 net primary enrollment rate was 44%, a drop from 79% in 1991.<ref name="hdrstats.undp.org"/>
==Culture==
{{main|Culture of the Republic of the Congo}}
===Media===
{{main|Mass media in the Republic of the Congo}}
==See also==
{{portal|Republic of the Congo|Africa|Countries}}
*[[Outline of the Republic of the Congo]]
*[[Index of Republic of the Congo–related articles]]
{{clear}}
==Notes==
{{notelist}}
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==Further reading==
{{Refbegin}}
*Maria Petringa, ''Brazza, A Life for Africa'' (2006) {{ISBN|978-1-4259-1198-0}}
{{Refend}}
==External links==
{{Sister project links|Republic of the Congo|voy=Republic of the Congo}}
'''Government'''
*[http://www.presidence.cg/accueil/ Presidency of the Republic] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101222012727/http://www.presidence.cg/accueil/ |date=22 December 2010 }} {{in lang|fr}}
*[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-c/congo-republic-of-the.html Chief of State and Cabinet Members] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081210080257/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-c/congo-republic-of-the.html |date=10 December 2008 }}
'''General'''
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/country_profiles/1076794.stm Country Profile] from [[BBC News]]
*[https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/congo-republic-of-the/ Republic of the Congo]. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]].
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20081207054856/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/Congo.htm Republic of the Congo] from ''UCB Libraries GovPubs''
*{{curlie|Regional/Africa/Congo}}
*{{wikiatlas|the Republic of the Congo}}
'''Tourism'''
*{{Wikivoyage inline}}
{{Congo-Brazzaville topics}}
{{Navboxes
|list =
{{Countries of Africa}}
{{African Union}}
{{La Francophonie}}
}}
{{Authority control}}
{{coord|-1.44|15.556|display=title|type:country}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Congo, Republic Of The}}
[[Category:Republic of the Congo| ]]
[[Category:Central African countries]]
[[Category:Former French colonies]]
[[Category:French-speaking countries and territories]]
[[Category:Economic Community of Central African States]]
[[Category:Member states of OPEC]]
[[Category:Member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie]]
[[Category:Member states of the African Union]]
[[Category:Member states of the United Nations]]
[[Category:Republics]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1960]]
[[Category:1960 establishments in Africa]]
[[Category:Countries in Africa]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{short description|Country in Central Africa}}
{{distinguish|text=the neighboring [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]], which used the same name from 1960 to 1964}}{{About|text=For entities with similar names, see [[Republic of the Congo (disambiguation)]]}}
{{pp-move|small=yes}}
{{use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Republic of the Congo
| native_name = {{Plainlist|
* {{native name|fr|République du Congo|fontsize=100%}}
* {{native name|ln|Republíki ya Kongó|fontsize=100%}}
* {{native name|mkw|Repubilika ya Kôngo|fontsize=100%}}
}}
| common_name = the Republic of Congo
| image_flag = Flag of the Republic of the Congo.svg
| flag_type = [[Flag of the Republic of the Congo|Flag]]
| image_coat = Coat of arms of the Republic of the Congo.svg
| symbol_type = [[Coat of arms of the Republic of the Congo|Coat of arms]]
| national_motto = {{native phrase|fr|"Unité, Travail, Progrès"|italics=off|nolink=on}}<br />({{Lang-en|"Unity, Work, Progress"}})
| image_map = {{Switcher|[[File:Republic of the Congo (orthographic projection).svg|frameless]]|Show globe|[[File:Location Republic of the Congo AU Africa.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show map of Africa|default=1}}
| map_caption =
| national_anthem = {{native name|fr|"[[La Congolaise]]"|italic=no|nolink=on}}<br />{{native name|kg|Besi Kôngo}}<br />({{Lang-en|"The Congolese"}})<div style="padding-top:0.5em;">{{center|[[File:National anthem of the Republic of the Congo.oga|center]]}}</div>
| official_languages = {{hlist |[[African French|French]] | [[Lingala language|Lingala]] | [[Kituba language|Kituba]]<ref name=Digitheque >{{cite web |url=https://mjp.univ-perp.fr/constit/cg2015.htm |language=fr |title=Constitution de 2015 |work=Digithèque matériaux juridiques et politiques, Jean-Pierre Maury, Université de Perpignan |access-date=2 January 2021 |archive-date=13 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313042001/http://mjp.univ-perp.fr/constit/cg2015.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>}}
| demonym = <span class="noautolink">[[Demographics of the Republic of the Congo|Congolese]]</span>
| ethnic_groups =
| capital = [[Brazzaville]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|4|16|S|15|17|E|type:city}}
| largest_city = capital
| government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Semi-presidential system|semi-presidential]] [[republic]] under a [[Dominant-party system|dominant-party]] [[authoritarian]] state<ref>{{Cite news |last=Tampa |first=Vava |date=2021-04-10 |title=Sassou rules like an emperor while Congolese die from extreme poverty |url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2021/apr/10/denis-sassou-nguesso-rules-like-an-emperor-while-congolese-die-from-extreme-poverty-congo-brazzaville |access-date=2024-01-04 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Elections in Congo-Brazzaville |url=https://www.dw.com/en/sassou-nguesso-clings-to-power-in-congo-brazzaville/a-19127711 |access-date=2024-01-04 |website=DW|date=2016-03-18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-23 |title=Congo Brazzaville's Sassou Nguesso re-elected with more than 88% of vote, early results show |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20210323-congo-brazzaville-s-sassou-nguesso-re-elected-with-more-than-88-of-vote-early-results-show |access-date=2024-01-04 |website=France 24 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Clark |first=John Frank |title=The failure of democracy in the Republic of Congo |date=2008 |publisher=L. Rienner |isbn=978-1-58826-555-5 |location=Boulder (Colo.)}}</ref>
| leader_title1 = [[President of the Republic of the Congo|President]]
| leader_name1 = [[Denis Sassou Nguesso]]
| leader_title2 = [[Prime Minister of the Republic of Congo|Prime Minister]]
| leader_name2 = [[Anatole Collinet Makosso]]
| legislature = [[Parliament of the Republic of the Congo|Parliament]]
| upper_house = [[Senate (Republic of the Congo)|Senate]]
| lower_house = [[National Assembly (Republic of the Congo)|National Assembly]]
| area_km2 = 342,000
| area_sq_mi = 132,047 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]-->
| area_rank = 64th <!-- Should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] -->
| percent_water = 3.3
| population_estimate = 5,677,493<ref>{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Congo, Republic of the|access-date=22 June 2023|year=2023}}</ref>
| population_estimate_year = 2023
| population_estimate_rank = 116th
| population_density_km2 = 17
| population_density_sq_mi = 33.1 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]-->
| GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $27.994 billion<ref name="IMFWEO.CG">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=634,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (Congo) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=IMF.org |date=10 October 2023 |access-date=17 October 2023}}</ref>
| GDP_PPP_year = 2023
| GDP_PPP_rank = 150th
| GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase }} $5,552<ref name="IMFWEO.CG" />
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 149th
| GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $14.407 billion<ref name="IMFWEO.CG" />
| GDP_nominal_year = 2023
| GDP_nominal_rank = 142nd
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $2,857<ref name="IMFWEO.CG" />
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 138th
| Gini_year = 2011
| Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady-->
| Gini = 40.2 <!--number only-->
| Gini_ref = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/|title=GINI index|publisher=World Bank|access-date=12 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150209003326/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI|archive-date=9 February 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>
| HDI_year = 2021<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year-->
| HDI_change = decrease<!--increase/decrease/steady-->
| HDI = 0.571 <!--number only-->
| HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{cite book|title=Human Development Report 2020 The Next Frontier: Human Development and the Anthropocene|date=15 December 2020|publisher=United Nations Development Programme|isbn=978-92-1-126442-5|pages=343–346|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2020.pdf|access-date=16 December 2020|archive-date=15 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201215063955/http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2020.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
| HDI_rank = 154th
| sovereignty_type = [[Independence]]
| established_event1 = Republic established
| established_date1 = 28 November 1958
| established_event2 = from epsteins island
| established_date2 = 20 April 2001
| currency = [[Central African CFA franc]]
| currency_code = XAF
| time_zone = [[West Africa Time|WAT]]
| utc_offset = +1
| date_format = dd/mm/yyyy
| drives_on = right
| calling_code = [[+242]]
| cctld = [[.cg]]
| religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap;
|87.1% [[Christianity]]
|8.0% [[Irreligion|no religion]]
|2.7% [[African Traditional Religion|traditional faiths]]
|1.2% [[Islam]]
|1.0% others
}}
| religion_year = 2020
| religion_ref = <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/republic-of-the-congo#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2020®ion_name=All%20Countries&restrictions_year=2016 | title=Religions in Republic of the Congo | PEW-GRF | access-date=8 October 2022 | archive-date=10 October 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010060035/http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/republic-of-the-congo#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2020®ion_name=All%20Countries&restrictions_year=2016 | url-status=dead }}</ref>
}}
The '''Republic of the Congo'''{{efn|{{lang-fr|République du Congo}}, {{lang-ln|Republíki ya Kongó}}.<br>Also known as '''Congo-Brazzaville''', the '''Congo Republic''',<ref>{{cite news|url=http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/international/countriesandterritories/congo/|title=Congo Republic|author1=SEWELL CHAN, MADELEINE KRUHLY|author2=HANNAH OLIVENNES|name-list-style=amp|date=12 May 2016|access-date=6 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140107004300/http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/international/countriesandterritories/congo/|archive-date=7 January 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ambacongofr.org">{{cite web|url=https://ambacongofr.org/index.php/le-congo|title=Le congo|access-date=3 June 2020|archive-date=3 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603040258/https://ambacongofr.org/index.php/le-congo|url-status=live}}</ref> or simply either '''Congo''' or '''the Congo'''.}} is a country located on the western coast of [[Central Africa]] to the west of the [[Congo River]]. It is bordered to the west by [[Gabon]], to the northwest by [[Cameroon]], to the northeast by the [[Central African Republic]], to the southeast by the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]], to the south by the [[Angola]]n [[exclave]] of [[Cabinda Province|Cabinda]], and to the southwest by the Atlantic Ocean.
The region was dominated by [[Bantu peoples|Bantu]]-speaking tribes at least 3,000 years ago, who built trade links leading into the [[Congo River]] basin. Congo was formerly part of the [[French colonial empire|French colony]] of [[French Equatorial Africa|Equatorial Africa]].<ref name="CIA">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/congo-republic-of-the/ |title=Congo, Republic of the |publisher=CIA – The World Factbook |access-date=30 May 2007 |archive-date=9 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109222956/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/congo-republic-of-the |url-status=live }}</ref> The Republic of the Congo was established on 28 November 1958 and gained independence from France in 1960. It was a [[Marxist–Leninist state]] from 1969 to 1992, under the name [[People's Republic of the Congo]]. The country has had multi-party elections since 1992, but a democratically elected government was ousted in the 1997 [[Republic of the Congo Civil War (1997–99)|Republic of the Congo Civil War]]. President [[Denis Sassou Nguesso]], who first came to power in 1979, ruled until 1992 and then again since after his reinstatement.
The Republic of the Congo is a member of the [[African Union]], the [[United Nations]], [[La Francophonie]], the [[Economic Community of Central African States]], and the [[Non-Aligned Movement]]. It has become the 4th-largest [[oil producer]] in the [[Gulf of Guinea]], providing the country with a degree of prosperity, with political and economic instability in some areas, and unequal distribution of oil revenue nationwide. [[Economy of the Republic of the Congo|Its economy]] is dependent on the oil sector,<ref name="2018_nzaou_kongo">{{cite book|last1=Nzaou-Kongo|first1=Aubin|title=Exploitation des hydrocarbures et protection de l'environnement en République du Congo : essai sur la complexité de leurs rapports à la lumière du droit international.|date=2018|url=https://www.idref.fr/229819249|access-date=15 January 2021|archive-date=9 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509074904/https://www.idref.fr/229819249|url-status=live}}</ref> and economic growth has slowed since [[2010s oil glut|the post-2015 drop in oil prices]]. [[Christianity]] is the most widely professed faith in the country.
==Etymology==
{{further|Congo River|Kongo people}}
It is named after the [[Congo River]] whose name is derived from [[Kingdom of Kongo|Kongo]], a [[Bantu peoples|Bantu]] kingdom which occupied its mouth around the time the [[Kingdom of Portugal|Portuguese]] first arrived in 1483<ref>Gates, Louis & Appiah, Anthony. ''Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience'', p. 1105. 1999.</ref> or 1484.<ref>Olson, James S. & Shadle, Robert. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=uyqepNdgUWkC&pg=PA225 Historical Dictionary of European Imperialism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502165932/https://books.google.com/books?id=uyqepNdgUWkC&pg=PA225 |date=2 May 2016 }}'', p. 225. Greenwood Publishing Grp., 1991. {{ISBN|0-313-26257-8}}.</ref> The kingdom's name derived from its people, the [[Bakongo]], an [[Endonym and exonym|endonym]] said to mean "hunters" ({{lang-kg|mukongo}}, ''nkongo'').<ref>Bentley, Wm. Holman. ''Pioneering on the Congo''. Fleming H. Revell Co., 1900.{{Verify source|date=October 2011}}</ref>
During the period when it was colonized by France, it was known as the ''[[French Congo]]'' or ''Middle Congo''. To distinguish it from the neighboring [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]], it is sometimes referred to as ''Congo (Brazzaville)'', ''Congo-Brazzaville'', or ''Little Congo''.<ref name="little congo">{{cite web |last1=Gjelten |first1=Tom |url=https://www.npr.org/2007/04/28/9896339/a-visit-to-the-other-congo-the-forgotten-congo |title=A Visit to the Other Congo, the Forgotten Congo |website=[[NPR]] |access-date=8 August 2023 |date=28 April 2007}}</ref> [[Brazzaville]] derives from the colony's founder, [[Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza|Pierre Savorgnan de Brazzà]], an Italian nobleman whose title referred to the town of Brazzacco, in the [[comune]] of [[Moruzzo]], whose name derived from the [[Latin language|Latin]] ''Brattius'' or ''Braccius'', both meaning "arm".<ref>Frau, Giovanni ''Dizionario Toponomastico Friuli-Venezia Giulia''. Istituto per l'Enciclopedia del Friuli-Venezia Giulia, 1978.</ref>
==History==
{{main|History of the Republic of the Congo}}
{{See also|Loango slavery harbour}}
[[Bantu peoples|Bantu-speaking peoples]] who founded tribes during the [[Bantu expansion]]s mostly displaced and absorbed the earlier inhabitants of the region, the [[African Pygmies|Pygmy]] people, about 1500{{nbsp}}BC. The [[Bakongo]], a Bantu ethnic group that occupied parts of what later is Angola, Gabon, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo, formed the basis for ethnic affinities and rivalries among those countries. Some Bantu kingdoms—including those of the [[Kongo Empire|Kongo]], the [[Kingdom of Loango|Loango]], and the [[Kingdom of Anziku|Teke]]—built trade links leading into the [[Congo Basin]].<ref name="dos2009">{{cite web|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2825.htm|title=Background Note: Republic of the Congo|publisher=Department of State|date=March 2009|access-date=25 June 2017|archive-date=14 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170714082702/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2825.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
The [[Kingdom of Portugal|Portuguese]] [[explorer]] [[Diogo Cão]] reached the mouth of the Congo in 1484.<ref name="DicImp"/> Commercial relationships grew between the inland Bantu kingdoms and European merchants who traded in commodities, manufactured goods, and people captured and enslaved in the [[hinterland]]s. After centuries as a central hub for transatlantic trade, direct European colonization of the Congo river delta began in the 19th century, subsequently eroding the power of the Bantu societies in the region.<ref>Boxer, C. R. ''The Portuguese Seaborne Empire, 1415–1825'', A. A. Knopf, 1969, {{ISBN|0090979400}}</ref>
[[File:Court of Loango.png|thumb|The court of [[N'Gangue M'voumbe Niambi]], from the book ''Description of Africa'' (1668)]]
The area north of the Congo River came under French sovereignty in 1880 as a result of [[Pierre de Brazza]]'s treaty with King Makoko<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/2752833.stm|title=BBC NEWS – Africa – The man who would be Congo's king|date=12 February 2003|access-date=29 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161129212544/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/2752833.stm|archive-date=29 November 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> of the [[Bateke]].<ref name="DicImp">Olson, James S. & Shadle, Robert. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=uyqepNdgUWkC&pg=PA225 Historical Dictionary of European Imperialism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502165932/https://books.google.com/books?id=uyqepNdgUWkC&pg=PA225 |date=2 May 2016 }}'', p. 225. Greenwood Publishing Group, 1991. {{ISBN|0-313-26257-8}}. Accessed 9 October 2011.</ref> After the death of Makoko, his widow Queen [[Ngalifourou]] upheld the terms of the treaty and became an ally to the colonizers.<ref>{{Citation|last=jeremy|first=rich|editor1-first=Emmanuel K|editor1-last=Akyeampong|editor2-first=Henry Louis|editor2-last=Gates|title=Ngalifourou|date=2012|url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195382075.001.0001/acref-9780195382075-e-1533|work=Dictionary of African Biography|publisher=Oxford University Press|language=en|doi=10.1093/acref/9780195382075.001.0001|isbn=978-0-19-538207-5|access-date=2021-01-16|archive-date=22 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122130300/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195382075.001.0001/acref-9780195382075-e-1533|url-status=live}}</ref> This Congo Colony became known first as [[French Congo]], then as Middle Congo in 1903.
In 1908, France organized [[French Equatorial Africa]] (AEF), comprising the Middle Congo, [[French Gabon|Gabon]], [[French Chad|Chad]], and [[Oubangui-Chari]] (what later is [[Central African Republic]]). The French designated [[Brazzaville]] as the federal capital. Economic development during the first 50 years of colonial rule in Congo centered on natural-resource extraction. Construction of the [[Congo–Ocean Railway]] following [[World War I]] has been estimated to have cost at least 14,000 lives.<ref name="DicImp"/>
During the [[Nazi occupation of France]] during [[World War II]], Brazzaville functioned as the symbolic capital of [[Free France]] between 1940 and 1943.<ref>United States State Department. Office of the Historian. ''A Guide to the United States' History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations, by Country, since 1776''. "[https://history.state.gov/countries/congo-republic Republic of the Congo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170512065606/https://history.state.gov/countries/congo-republic |date=12 May 2017 }}". Accessed 9 October 2010.</ref> The [[Brazzaville Conference of 1944]] heralded a period of reform in French colonial policy. Congo "benefited" from the postwar expansion of colonial administrative and infrastructure spending as a result of its central geographic location within AEF and the federal capital at Brazzaville.<ref name="dos2009"/> It had a local legislature after the adoption of the 1946 constitution that established the [[French Fourth Republic|Fourth Republic]].
Following the revision of the [[Constitution of France|French constitution]] that established the [[French Fifth Republic|Fifth Republic]] in 1958, AEF dissolved into its constituent parts, each of which became an autonomous colony within the [[French Community]]. During these reforms, Middle Congo became known as the Republic of the Congo in 1958<ref>United States State Department. Bureau of African Affairs. ''Background Notes''. "[https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2825.htm Republic of the Congo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190604183708/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2825.htm |date=4 June 2019 }} ". Accessed 9 October 2011.</ref> and published its first constitution in 1959.<ref>Robbers, Gerhard (2007). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=M3A-xgf1yM4C Encyclopedia of World Constitutions] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506124534/https://books.google.com/books?id=M3A-xgf1yM4C |date=6 May 2016 }}''. Infobase Publishing. {{ISBN|0-8160-6078-9}}. Accessed 9 October 2011.</ref> Antagonism between the [[Mbochi]]s (who favored [[Jacques Opangault]]) and the [[Lari people (Congo)|Lari]]s and [[Kongo people|Kongo]]s (who favored [[Fulbert Youlou]], the first black mayor elected in French Equatorial Africa) resulted in a series of riots in Brazzaville in February 1959, which the [[French Army]] subdued.<ref>[http://www.itnsource.com/shotlist//RTV/1959/02/27/BGY503110492/?s=evacuations CONGO REPUBLIC: BRAZZAVILLE RIOTS AFTERMATH] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140505233442/http://www.itnsource.com/shotlist//RTV/1959/02/27/BGY503110492/?s=evacuations |date=5 May 2014 }}. Reuters (27 February 1959)</ref>
Elections took place in April 1959. By the time the Congo became independent in August 1960, Opangault, the former opponent of Youlou, agreed to serve under him. Youlou, an avid anti-communist, became the first President of the Republic of the Congo.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/people/history/african-history-biographies/fulbert-youlou|title=Fulbert Youlou facts, information, pictures – Encyclopedia.com articles about Fulbert Youlou|access-date=27 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128051046/http://www.encyclopedia.com/people/history/african-history-biographies/fulbert-youlou|archive-date=28 November 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Since the political tension was so high in [[Pointe-Noire]], Youlou moved the capital to Brazzaville.
[[File:Alphonse Massamba-Debat.png|thumb|left|upright|[[Alphonse Massamba-Débat]]'s 1-party rule (1963–1968) attempted to implement a [[political economy|political economic]] strategy of "[[scientific socialism]]".]]
The Republic of the Congo became fully independent from France on 15 August 1960. Youlou ruled as the country's first president until labor elements and rival political parties instigated a [[Trois Glorieuses (1963)|3-day uprising]] that ousted him.<ref>[[Alain Mabanckou]] "The Lights of Pointe-Noire" {{ISBN|978-1620971901}}. 2013. p.175</ref> The Congolese military took over the country and installed a civilian provisional government headed by [[Alphonse Massamba-Débat]].
Under the 1963 constitution, Massamba-Débat was elected president for a five-year term.<ref name="dos2009"/> During [[Alphonse Massamba-Débat#Congo under Massamba-Débat (1963-1968)|Massamba-Débat's term in office]], the regime adopted "[[scientific socialism]]" as the country's constitutional ideology.<ref name="shillington301"/> In 1964, Congo sent an official team with a single athlete at the [[1964 Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]] for the first time in its history. In 1965, Congo established relations with the [[Soviet Union]], the [[China|People's Republic of China]], [[North Korea]], and [[North Vietnam]].<ref name="shillington301">{{cite book|title=Encyclopedia of African history|author=Shillington, Kevin |page=301|publisher=CRC Press|year=2005|isbn=978-1579582456}}</ref> On the economic and social level, Massamba-Débat led a healthy and rigorous management. Under his presidency, the Congo began to [[industrialize]] and the standard of living of the Congolese improved. Some large production units with large workforces were built: the textile factory of Kinsoundi, the palm groves of Etoumbi, the match factory of [[Bétou]], the shipyards of Yoro, etc. Health centers were created as well as school groups (colleges and elementary school). The country's school enrollment rate became the highest in Black Africa.<ref>John F. Clark, "Congo: Transition and the Struggle to Consolidate", in ''Political Reform in Francophone Africa'' (1997)</ref> At the same time, Brazzaville became a center for left-wing exiles from all over Central Africa. On the night of February 14 to 15, 1965, 3 public officials of the Republic of the Congo were kidnapped: {{ill|Lazare Matsocota|fr}} (prosecutor of the Republic), {{ill|Joseph Pouabou|fr}} (President of the Supreme Court), and {{ill|Anselme Massouémé|fr}} (director of the Congolese Information Agency). The bodies of 2 of these men were later found, mutilated, by the [[Congo River]].<ref>Bazenguissa-Ganga, Rémy. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=15Qza8LQcFMC Les voies du politique au Congo: essai de sociologie historique] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801213039/https://books.google.com/books?id=15Qza8LQcFMC |date=1 August 2020 }}''. Paris: Karthala, 1997. p. 110</ref><ref>''[https://books.google.com/books?id=UGoEAQAAIAAJ Africa Research Bulletin] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413223836/https://books.google.com/books?id=UGoEAQAAIAAJ |date=13 April 2021 }}''. Oxford, England: Blackwell, 1965. p. 242</ref> Massamba-Débat's regime invited some hundred [[Cuba]]n army troops into the country to train his party's militia units. These troops helped his government survive a [[1966 Republic of the Congo coup d'état attempt|''coup d'état'' in 1966]] led by paratroopers loyal to future President [[Marien Ngouabi]]. Massamba-Débat was unable to reconcile institutional, tribal, and ideological factions within the country<ref name="shillington301"/> and his regime ended with a bloodless [[1968 Republic of the Congo coup d'état|''coup'' in September 1968]].
Marien Ngouabi, who had participated in the coup, assumed the presidency on 31 December 1968. One year later, Ngouabi proclaimed the Congo Africa's first "people's republic", the [[People's Republic of the Congo]], and announced the decision of the National Revolutionary Movement to change its name to the [[Congolese Party of Labour|Congolese Labour Party]] (PCT). He survived an [[1972 Republic of the Congo coup d'état attempt|attempted ''coup'' in 1972]] and was assassinated on 18 March{{nbsp}}1977.<ref>"Congo President Slain by Gunman— Military Group Takes Control, Radio Reports", ''Los Angeles Times'', March 20, 1977, p. I-1</ref> An 11-member Military Committee of the Party (CMP) was then named to head an interim government, with [[Joachim Yhombi-Opango]] serving as president. Two years later, Yhombi-Opango was forced from power, and [[Denis Sassou Nguesso]] became the new president.<ref name="dos2009"/>
Sassou Nguesso aligned the country with the [[Eastern Bloc]] and signed a 20-year friendship pact with the Soviet Union. Over the years, Sassou had to rely more on [[political repression]] and less on [[patronage]] to maintain his dictatorship.<ref name="shillington302">{{cite book|title=Encyclopedia of African history|author=Shillington, Kevin |page=302|publisher=CRC Press|year=2005|isbn=978-1579582456}}</ref> The collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 resulted in the ending of Soviet aid to prop up the regime, and it abdicated power.
[[Pascal Lissouba]] who became Congo's first elected president (1992–1997) during the period of multi-party democracy attempted to implement economic reforms with IMF backing to liberalize the economy. In the years 1993 and 1994 the [[Republic of the Congo Civil War (1993–1994)|first Congo Civil War in Congo]] occurred. In June 1996, IMF approved a 3-year [[Special drawing rights|SDR]]69.5m (US$100m) enhanced structural adjustment facility (ESAF) and was on the verge of announcing a renewed annual agreement when civil war broke out in Congo in 1997.<ref>{{cite book |title=Country Report Congo-Brazzaville |year=2003 |publisher=The Economist Intelligence Unit |page=24 |url=http://store.eiu.com/Product.aspx?pid=50000205&gid=1310000331&sid=735820073 |access-date=16 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131013100410/http://store.eiu.com/Product.aspx?pid=50000205&gid=1310000331&sid=735820073 |archive-date=13 October 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>
Congo's democratic progress was derailed in 1997 when Lissouba and Sassou started to fight for power in the [[Republic of the Congo Civil War (1997-99)|civil war]]. As presidential elections scheduled for July 1997 approached, tensions between the Lissouba and Sassou camps mounted. On 5 June, President Lissouba's government forces surrounded Sassou's compound in Brazzaville, and Sassou ordered members of his private militia (known as "Cobras") to resist. Thus began a 4-month conflict that destroyed or damaged some of Brazzaville and caused tens of thousands of civilian deaths. In October, the Angolan government began an invasion of Congo to install Sassou in power and the Lissouba government fell. After that, Sassou declared himself president.<ref name="dos2009"/>
[[File:Pro-constitutional reform demonstration in Brazzaville - 2015-10 (21518932913).jpg|thumb|left|A pro-constitutional reform rally in Brazzaville during October 2015. The constitution's reforms were subsequently approved in a disputed election which saw demonstrations and violence.]]
In the [[Republic of the Congo presidential election, 2002|elections in 2002]], Sassou won with almost 90% of the vote cast. His 2 main rivals, Lissouba and Bernard Kolelas, were prevented from competing. A remaining rival, [[André Milongo]] advised his supporters to boycott the elections and then withdrew from the race.<ref name="freedomhouse">
{{cite web|url=http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=22&year=2006&country=7093|title=Congo, Republic of|year=2006|publisher=[[Freedom House]]|access-date=12 June 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091015231843/http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=22&country=7093&year=2006|archive-date=15 October 2009|url-status=live}}
</ref> A [[constitution]], agreed upon by [[Republic of the Congo constitutional referendum, 2002|referendum in January 2002]], granted the president new powers, extended his term to 7 years and introduced a new bicameral assembly. International observers took issue with the organization of the presidential election and the constitutional referendum, both of which were reminiscent in their organization of Congo's era of the 1-party state.<ref>
{{cite news | title=Congo approves new constitution | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1779007.stm | date=24 January 2002 | publisher=BBC | access-date=12 June 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090930011021/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1779007.stm | archive-date=30 September 2009 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}
</ref> Following the presidential elections, fighting restarted in the [[Pool Department|Pool region]] between government forces and rebels led by [[Pastor Ntumi]]; a peace treaty to end the conflict was signed in April 2003.<ref>
{{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/2859881.stm | title=Congo peace deal signed | date=18 March 2003 | publisher=BBC | access-date=15 June 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090930011034/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/2859881.stm | archive-date=30 September 2009 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}
</ref>
Sassou won the following [[Republic of the Congo presidential election, 2009|presidential election in July 2009]].<ref>
{{cite news | url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jqfjSxI0cOeNG4TITywUuuQMNTGA | title=17 candidates in Congo presidential race: commission | publisher=AFP | date=13 June 2009 | access-date=15 June 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110312165149/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jqfjSxI0cOeNG4TITywUuuQMNTGA | archive-date=12 March 2011 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}
</ref> According to the Congolese Observatory of Human Rights, a non-governmental organization, the election was marked by "very low" turnout and "fraud and irregularities".<ref>[http://www.france24.com/en/20090715-congo-government-expected-release-vote-results-fraud-opposition-poll Vote results expected as opposition alleges fraud] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090727141917/http://www.france24.com/en/20090715-congo-government-expected-release-vote-results-fraud-opposition-poll |date=27 July 2009 }}. France24 (16 July 2009).</ref> In March 2015, Sassou announced that he wanted to run for yet another term in office and a [[Republic of the Congo constitutional referendum, 2015|constitutional referendum]] in October resulted in a [[Constitution of the Republic of the Congo|changed constitution]] that allowed him to run during the [[Republic of the Congo presidential election, 2016|2016 presidential election]]. He won the election believed by some to be fraudulent. After violent protests in the capital, Sassou attacked the Pool region where the [[Ninja (militia)|Ninja rebel]]s of the civil war used to be based, in what was believed to be a distraction. This led to a revival of the Ninja rebels who launched attacks against the army in April 2016, leading 80,000 people to flee their homes. A ceasefire deal was signed in December 2017.<ref>
{{cite news|url=http://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/special-report/2018/06/18/updated-congo-brazzaville-s-hidden-war|title=Congo-Brazzaville's hidden war|publisher=New Humanitarian|date=18 June 2018|access-date=7 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408002300/http://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/special-report/2018/06/18/updated-congo-brazzaville-s-hidden-war|archive-date=8 April 2019|url-status=live}}
</ref>
In 2023, the [[Odzala National Park|Forest Massif of Odzala-Kokoua]], for its savanna ecosystems and post-glacial recolonisation of forests, was listed as a natural [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]].
== Government ==
{{main|Politics of the Republic of the Congo|Cabinet of the Republic of the Congo}}<!--Please add new information into relevant articles of the series-->
{{see also|Constitution of the Republic of the Congo|Foreign relations of the Republic of the Congo|Biens mal acquis}}
The government of the Republic is a [[semi-presidential system]] with an elected president who appoints the [[Cabinet of the Republic of the Congo|Council of Ministers, or Cabinet]]. The council, including the Prime Minister, is selected from the elected representatives in Parliament. Since the 1990s, the country has had a [[multi-party system|multi-party political system]] which is dominated by President [[Denis Sassou Nguesso]]. Sassou Nguesso is backed by his own [[Congolese Labour Party]] ({{lang-fr|Parti Congolais du Travail}}) as well as a range of smaller parties.
Sassou's regime has seen [[Political corruption|corruption]] revelations, with attempts to censor them. One French investigation found over 110 bank accounts and dozens of "lavish properties" in France.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://af.reuters.com/article/idAFLR9382820090429?pageNumber=3&virtualBrandChannel=0 |title=FACTBOX-African leaders' French assets under scrutiny |publisher=Reuters |date=29 April 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204033107/https://af.reuters.com/article/idAFLR9382820090429?pageNumber=3&virtualBrandChannel=0 |archive-date=4 February 2012 |access-date=1 July 2017}}</ref> Sassou denounced embezzlement investigations as "racist" and "colonial".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6948281.stm|title=Congo leader son fails in gag bid|publisher=BBC|date=15 August 2007|access-date=26 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090930011028/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6948281.stm|archive-date=30 September 2009|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fpif.org/fpiftxt/6209|title=Propping Up Africa's Dictators|publisher=Foreign Policy In Focus|date=22 June 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091012122950/http://www.fpif.org/fpiftxt/6209|archive-date=12 October 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/idAFLR9382820090429?pageNumber=3&virtualBrandChannel=0 |title=FACTBOX-African leaders' French assets under scrutiny |newspaper=Reuters |date=29 April 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204033107/https://af.reuters.com/article/idAFLR9382820090429?pageNumber=3&virtualBrandChannel=0 |archive-date=4 February 2012 }}</ref> Denis Christel Sassou-Nguesso, son of Denis Sassou Nguesso, has been named in association with the [[Panama Papers]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2016/04/04/les-africains-du-panama-1-les-circuits-offshore-des-fils-de_4895102_3212.html#JWAeAK6oVt0UvEe4.99 |title=Les Africains du Panama (1) : les circuits offshore des " fils de " |author1=Joan Tilouine |author2=ICIJ |date=4 April 2016 |work=Le Monde |language=fr |access-date=10 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161112044052/http://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2016/04/04/les-africains-du-panama-1-les-circuits-offshore-des-fils-de_4895102_3212.html#JWAeAK6oVt0UvEe4.99 |archive-date=12 November 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>
On 27 March 2015, Sassou Nguesso announced that his government would hold a referendum on changing the country's 2002 constitution to allow him to run for a third consecutive term in office.<ref>Ross, Aaron (27 March 2015) [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-congo-president-idUSKBN0MN25N20150327 Congo Republic president says expects referendum over the third term] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929205702/http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/03/27/us-congo-president-idUSKBN0MN25N20150327 |date=29 September 2015 }}. ''Reuters''</ref> On 25 October, the government held a referendum on allowing Sassou Nguesso to run in the next election. The government claimed that the proposal was approved by 92% of voters, with 72% of eligible voters participating. The opposition who boycotted the referendum said that the government's statistics were false and the vote was a fake one.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-congo-opposition-idUSKCN0SO24720151030#6gUx7xJL8tLmw1OB.97|title=Congo opposition holds ceremony for killed protesters=Reuters|newspaper=Reuters|date=30 October 2015|access-date=1 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151128070432/http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/10/30/us-congo-opposition-idUSKCN0SO24720151030#6gUx7xJL8tLmw1OB.97|archive-date=28 November 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> The election raised questions and was accompanied by civil unrest and police shootings of protesters;<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/international/2016/04/04/01003-20160404ARTFIG00174-violences-au-congo-le-gouvernement-accuse-les-opposants-a-sassou-nguesso.php |title=Violences au Congo : le government accuse les opposants à Sassou-Nguesso |work=Le Figaro |date=4 April 2016 |author=lefigaro.fr |language=fr |access-date=1 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160514153900/http://www.lefigaro.fr/international/2016/04/04/01003-20160404ARTFIG00174-violences-au-congo-le-gouvernement-accuse-les-opposants-a-sassou-nguesso.php |archive-date=14 May 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> at least 18 people were killed by security forces during opposition rallies leading up to the referendum held in October.
===Administrative divisions===
[[File:Congo regions named.png|thumb|upright=1.2|Map of the Republic of the Congo exhibiting its 12 departments]]
{{main|Departments of the Republic of the Congo|Communes of the Republic of the Congo|Districts of the Republic of the Congo}}
It is divided into 12 [[Departments of the Republic of the Congo|''départements'']] (departments). Departments are divided into communes and districts.<ref>
With inconsistent figures:
*The [http://www.presidence.cg/congo/administration.php site of the Presidency of the Republic of the Congo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090727221905/http://www.presidence.cg/congo/administration.php |date=27 July 2009 }} lists 11 departments, 7 communes, and 76 districts.
*The 2004 [http://www.cnsee.org/Publication/Annuaire_04.pdf Statistical directory of Congo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091113142137/http://www.cnsee.org/Publication/Annuaire_04.pdf |date=13 November 2009 }} lists 12 departments, 6 communes, and 85 districts
*A list of subprefects (higher representatives of State in a district) nominated in December 2008 lists 86 districts. Search {{cite web |url=http://www.zenga-mambu.com/fiche.php?id=693 |title=Archived copy |access-date=6 August 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090116112954/http://www.zenga-mambu.com/fiche.php?id=693 |archive-date=16 January 2009}}
*Finally, the good figures seem to come from [http://www.congo-siteportail.info/Les-donnees-generales-sur-le-Congo_a18.html this site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090518092837/http://www.congo-siteportail.info/Les-donnees-generales-sur-le-Congo_a18.html |date=18 May 2009 }}: 12 departments, 7 communes, and 86 districts
</ref>
These are:
{{columns-list|colwidth=10em|
*[[Bouenza Department|Bouenza]]
*[[Brazzaville]]
*[[Cuvette Department|Cuvette]]
*[[Cuvette-Ouest Department|Cuvette-Ouest]]
*[[Kouilou Department|Kouilou]]
*[[Lékoumou Department|Lékoumou]]
*[[Likouala Department|Likouala]]
*[[Niari Department|Niari]]
*[[Plateaux Department (Republic of the Congo)|Plateaux]]
*[[Pointe-Noire]]
*[[Pool Department|Pool]]
*[[Sangha Department (Republic of the Congo)|Sangha]]
}}
===Human rights===
{{main|Human rights in the Republic of the Congo|LGBT rights in the Republic of the Congo}}
Some [[Pygmies]] belong from birth to [[Bantu peoples|Bantu]]s in a relationship some refer to as slavery.<ref name=globalpost>{{cite news|url=http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/regions/africa/111113/pygmy-pets-congo-pygmies-slavery-human-rights|title=Pygmies in the Congo treated like "pets": report|publisher=globalpost.com|access-date=13 November 2011|date=13 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111114021904/http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/regions/africa/111113/pygmy-pets-congo-pygmies-slavery-human-rights|archive-date=14 November 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="internationalreportingproject">{{cite news |first=Katie |last=Thomas |title=Slaves of the Congo |url=http://internationalreportingproject.org/stories/view/slaves-of-the-congo |publisher=International Reporting Project |date=4 March 2007 |access-date=13 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714221201/http://internationalreportingproject.org/stories/view/slaves-of-the-congo |archive-date=14 July 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> The Congolese Human Rights Observatory says that the Pygmies are treated as property in the same way as pets.<ref name=globalpost/> On 30 December 2010, the [[Parliament of the Republic of the Congo|Congolese parliament]] adopted a law to promote and protect the rights of indigenous peoples.{{clarify|how's this working out in practice? The statutory law is 1 thing; and what is actually happening with human rights ''de facto'' in the countryside?|date=October 2019}} This law is "the first" of its kind in Africa.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iwgia.org/sw153.asp |title=UN expert praises Congo's draft law on indigenous rights |access-date=17 January 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101124090322/http://www.iwgia.org/sw153.asp |archive-date=24 November 2010}}. iwgia.org, 15 November 2010</ref>{{update after|2019|10|7}}
==Geography==
{{main|Geography of the Republic of the Congo}}
Natural landscapes range from the [[savanna]] plains in the North Niari flooded forests, to the Congo River, to the rugged mountains and forests of [[Mayombe]], and 170 km of beaches along the Atlantic coast.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/africa/congo/cgland.htm|title=Congo Geography|first=John|last=Moen|publisher=World Atlas|website=www.worldatlas.com|access-date=21 March 2020|archive-date=21 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200321044429/https://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/africa/congo/cgland.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:StatisticalData 1.svg|left|thumb|Climate diagram for [[Brazzaville]]]]
Congo is located in the central-western part of [[sub-Saharan Africa]], along the [[Equator]], lying between latitudes [[4th parallel north|4°N]] and [[5th parallel south|5°S]], and longitudes [[11th meridian east|11°]] and [[19th meridian east|19°E]]. To the south and east of it is the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]]. It is bounded by [[Gabon]] to the west, [[Cameroon]] and the [[Central African Republic]] to the north, and [[Cabinda (province)|Cabinda]] ([[Angola]]) to the southwest. It has a coast on the Atlantic Ocean.
The southwest is a coastal plain for which the primary drainage is the [[Kouilou-Niari River]]; the interior of the country consists of a central plateau between 2 basins to the south and north. Forests are under increasing exploitation pressure.<ref>[http://pdf.wri.org/gfw_congo_atlas_v1_affiche_fr.pdf Map: Situation de l'exploitation forestière en République du Congo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114040015/http://pdf.wri.org/gfw_congo_atlas_v1_affiche_fr.pdf |date=14 January 2009 }}. (PDF) . Retrieved on 25 February 2013.</ref> Congo had a 2018 [[Forest Landscape Integrity Index]] mean score of 8.89/10, ranking it 12th globally out of 172 countries.<ref name="FLII-Supplementary">{{cite journal|last1=Grantham|first1=H. S.|last2=Duncan|first2=A.|last3=Evans|first3=T. D.|last4=Jones|first4=K. R.|last5=Beyer|first5=H. L.|last6=Schuster|first6=R.|last7=Walston|first7=J.|last8=Ray|first8=J. C.|last9=Robinson|first9=J. G.|last10=Callow|first10=M.|last11=Clements|first11=T.|last12=Costa|first12=H. M.|last13=DeGemmis|first13=A.|last14=Elsen|first14=P. R.|last15=Ervin|first15=J.|last16=Franco|first16=P.|last17=Goldman|first17=E.|last18=Goetz|first18=S.|last19=Hansen|first19=A.|last20=Hofsvang|first20=E.|last21=Jantz|first21=P.|last22=Jupiter|first22=S.|last23=Kang|first23=A.|last24=Langhammer|first24=P.|last25=Laurance|first25=W. F.|last26=Lieberman|first26=S.|last27=Linkie|first27=M.|last28=Malhi|first28=Y.|last29=Maxwell|first29=S.|last30=Mendez|first30=M.|last31=Mittermeier|first31=R.|last32=Murray|first32=N. J.|last33=Possingham|first33=H.|last34=Radachowsky|first34=J.|last35=Saatchi|first35=S.|last36=Samper|first36=C.|last37=Silverman|first37=J.|last38=Shapiro|first38=A.|last39=Strassburg|first39=B.|last40=Stevens|first40=T.|last41=Stokes|first41=E.|last42=Taylor|first42=R.|last43=Tear|first43=T.|last44=Tizard|first44=R.|last45=Venter|first45=O.|last46=Visconti|first46=P.|last47=Wang|first47=S.|last48=Watson|first48=J. E. M.|title=Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity - Supplementary Material|journal=Nature Communications|volume=11|issue=1|year=2020|page=5978|issn=2041-1723|doi=10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3|pmid=33293507|pmc=7723057|bibcode=2020NatCo..11.5978G }}</ref>
Congo lies within 4 terrestrial ecoregions: [[Atlantic Equatorial coastal forests]], [[Northwestern Congolian lowland forests]], [[Western Congolian swamp forests]], and [[Western Congolian forest–savanna mosaic]].<ref name="DinersteinOlson2017">{{cite journal|last1=Dinerstein|first1=Eric|last2=Olson|first2=David|last3=Joshi|first3=Anup|last4=Vynne|first4=Carly|last5=Burgess|first5=Neil D.|last6=Wikramanayake|first6=Eric|last7=Hahn|first7=Nathan|last8=Palminteri|first8=Suzanne|last9=Hedao|first9=Prashant|last10=Noss|first10=Reed|last11=Hansen|first11=Matt|last12=Locke|first12=Harvey|last13=Ellis|first13=Erle C|last14=Jones|first14=Benjamin|last15=Barber|first15=Charles Victor|last16=Hayes|first16=Randy|last17=Kormos|first17=Cyril|last18=Martin|first18=Vance|last19=Crist|first19=Eileen|last20=Sechrest|first20=Wes|last21=Price|first21=Lori|last22=Baillie|first22=Jonathan E. M.|last23=Weeden|first23=Don|last24=Suckling|first24=Kierán|last25=Davis|first25=Crystal|last26=Sizer|first26=Nigel|last27=Moore|first27=Rebecca|last28=Thau|first28=David|last29=Birch|first29=Tanya|last30=Potapov|first30=Peter|last31=Turubanova|first31=Svetlana|last32=Tyukavina|first32=Alexandra|last33=de Souza|first33=Nadia|last34=Pintea|first34=Lilian|last35=Brito|first35=José C.|last36=Llewellyn|first36=Othman A.|last37=Miller|first37=Anthony G.|last38=Patzelt|first38=Annette|last39=Ghazanfar|first39=Shahina A.|last40=Timberlake|first40=Jonathan|last41=Klöser|first41=Heinz|last42=Shennan-Farpón|first42=Yara|last43=Kindt|first43=Roeland|last44=Lillesø|first44=Jens-Peter Barnekow|last45=van Breugel|first45=Paulo|last46=Graudal|first46=Lars|last47=Voge|first47=Maianna|last48=Al-Shammari|first48=Khalaf F.|last49=Saleem|first49=Muhammad|title=An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm|journal=BioScience|volume=67|issue=6|year=2017|pages=534–545|issn=0006-3568|doi=10.1093/biosci/bix014|pmid=28608869|pmc=5451287}}</ref> Since the country is located on the Equator, the climate is more consistent year-round, with the average day temperature a humid {{convert|24|C|F}} and nights generally between {{convert|16|C|F}} and {{convert|21|C|F}}. The average yearly rainfall ranges from {{convert|1100|mm|in}} in the [[Niari Valley]] in the south to over {{convert|2000|mm|in}} in central parts. The dry season is from June to August, while in the majority of the country, the wet season has 2 rainfall maxima: 1 in March–May and another in September–November.<ref>{{cite journal
| title = Rainfall and temperature variations over Congo-Brazzaville between 1950 and 1998
|author1=Samba G. |author2=Nganga D. |author3=Mpounza M. | journal = Theoretical and Applied Climatology
| volume = 91
| issue = 1–4
| pages = 85–97
| year = 2008
| doi=10.1007/s00704-007-0298-0| bibcode = 2008ThApC..91...85S
|s2cid=120659948 }}</ref>
In 2006–07, researchers from the [[Wildlife Conservation Society]] studied gorillas in "heavily forested" regions centered on the [[Ouesso District]] of the [[Sangha Region]]. They suggest a population on the order of 125,000 [[western lowland gorilla]]s whose isolation from humans has been mostly preserved by "inhospitable" swamps.<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=93254830 |title = 'Mother Lode' Of Gorillas Found In Congo Forests : NPR |newspaper = NPR.org |access-date = 15 August 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080828044221/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=93254830 |archive-date = 28 August 2008 |url-status = live |df = dmy-all }}</ref>
===Wildlife===
{{Main|Wildlife of the Republic of the Congo}}
==Economy==
{{main|Economy of the Republic of the Congo}}
{{see also|Hydrocarbon exploration|List of companies of the Republic of the Congo}}
[[File:GDP per capita development of the Republic of the Congo.svg|thumb|GDP per capita development, 1950 to 2018]]
[[File:Republic of the Congo Product Exports (2019).svg|thumb|right|A proportional representation of Republic of the Congo exports, 2019]]
The economy is a mixture of village agriculture and handicrafts, an industrial sector based mainly on [[petroleum]],<ref name="eia">{{cite web|url=http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/congo2.html |title=Congo-Brazzaville |publisher=Energy Information Administration, U.S. Government |access-date=11 June 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080323115110/http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/congo2.html |archive-date=23 March 2008 }}</ref><ref name="2018_nzaou_kongo"/> support services, and a government characterized by budget problems and "overstaffing". Petroleum extraction has supplanted [[forestry]] as the mainstay of the economy. In 2008, the oil sector accounted for 65% of the [[GDP]], 85% of government revenue, and 92% of exports.<ref>[http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/AFRICAEXT/CONGOEXTN/0,,menuPK:349223~pagePK:141132~piPK:141107~theSitePK:349199,00.html Republic of the Congo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090504123157/http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/AFRICAEXT/CONGOEXTN/0,,menuPK:349223~pagePK:141132~piPK:141107~theSitePK:349199,00.html |date=4 May 2009 }} World Bank</ref> The country has untapped [[Mining in the Republic of the Congo|mineral]] wealth.<ref name="2018_nzaou_kongo"/>
In the 1980s, rising oil revenues enabled the government to finance larger-scale development projects. GDP grew an average of 5% annually. The government has mortgaged a portion of its petroleum earnings, contributing to a "shortage of revenues". On 12 January 1994, the devaluation of [[CFA franc|Franc Zone]] currencies by 50% resulted in an inflation of 46% in 1994, and inflation has subsided since.<ref>
{{cite web
| url = http://www.econstats.com/weo/CCOG.htm
| title = Congo, Republic of
| publisher = EconStats
| access-date = 11 June 2009
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090428114157/http://www.econstats.com/weo/CCOG.htm
| archive-date = 28 April 2009
| url-status = live
| df = dmy-all
}}
</ref>
[[File:Jeunes filles apprenant la couture - Ecole Spéciale de Brazzaville.jpg|thumb|Women learning to sew, Brazzaville]]
Economic reform efforts continued with the support of international organizations, including the [[World Bank]] and the [[International Monetary Fund]]. The reform program came to a halt in June 1997 when civil war erupted. When Sassou Nguesso returned to power in October 1997, he publicly expressed interest in moving forward on [[economic reform]]s and [[privatization]] and in renewing cooperation with international financial institutions. Economic progress was "badly hurt" by slumping oil prices and the resumption of armed conflict in December 1998, which "worsened" the republic's budget deficit.
The administration presides over an "uneasy internal peace" and faces "difficult" economic problems of stimulating recovery and reducing poverty, with record-high oil prices since 2003. Natural gas and diamonds are other exports, while Congo was excluded from the [[Kimberley Process]] in 2004 amid allegations that most of its diamond exports were, in fact, being smuggled out of the neighboring [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]]; it was re-admitted to the group in 2007.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kimberleyprocess.com/download/getfile/310 |title=Kimberley Process Removes the Republic of Congo from the List of Participants |publisher=[[Kimberley Process]] |date=9 July 2004 |access-date=11 June 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090510045124/http://www.kimberleyprocess.com/download/getfile/310 |archive-date=10 May 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kimberleyprocess.com/download/getfile/678 |title=2007 Kimberley Process Communiqué |publisher=[[Kimberley Process]] |date=8 November 2007 |access-date=11 June 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080304225023/http://www.kimberleyprocess.com/download/getfile/678 |archive-date=4 March 2008 }}</ref>
The Republic of the Congo has untapped base metal, gold, iron, and phosphate deposits.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.mbendi.com/indy/ming/af/co/p0005.htm | title=Mining in Congo | publisher=MBendi | access-date=14 June 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227073149/https://www.mbendi.com/indy/ming/af/co/p0005.htm | archive-date=27 December 2016 | url-status=dead | df=dmy-all }}</ref> It is a member of the [[Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa]] (OHADA).<ref name="ohada.com">
{{cite web
| title = OHADA.com: The business law portal in Africa
| url = http://www.ohada.com/index.php
| access-date = 22 March 2009
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090326033744/http://www.ohada.com/index.php
| archive-date = 26 March 2009
| url-status = live
| df = dmy-all
}}
</ref> The Congolese government signed an agreement in 2009 to lease 200,000 hectares of land to [[South Africa]]n farmers to reduce its dependence on imports.<ref>Goodspeed, Peter (21 October 2009) {{cite web |url=https://nationalpost.com/news/story.html?id=2130070 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20110218183659/http://www.nationalpost.com/news/story.html?id=2130070 |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 February 2011 |title=South Africa's white farmers prepare to trek to the Congo |access-date=10 September 2016}}. National Post.</ref><ref>[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/congo/6398253/Congo-hands-land-to-South-African-farmers.html Congo hands land to South African farmers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180521201638/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/congo/6398253/Congo-hands-land-to-South-African-farmers.html |date=21 May 2018 }}. Telegraph. 21 October 2009.</ref>
The GDP of the Republic of the Congo grew by 6% in 2014 and is expected to have grown by 7.5% in 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Republic of the Congo GDP Annual Growth Rate|website = Trading Economics}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.gfmag.com/global-data/country-data/republic-of-the-congo-gdp-country-report|title = Republic of the Congo GDP and Economic Data|access-date = 14 January 2016|website = Global Finance|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160124211901/http://www.gfmag.com/global-data/country-data/republic-of-the-congo-gdp-country-report|archive-date = 24 January 2016|url-status = live|df = dmy-all}}</ref>
In 2018, the Republic of the Congo joined the [[Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries]].<ref>{{cite web |title=OPEC Member Countries |url=https://www.opec.org/opec_web/en/about_us/25.htm |publisher=Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries |access-date=20 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190208202051/https://www.opec.org/opec_web/en/about_us/25.htm |archive-date=8 February 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>
[[Congo–Ocean Railway]] was [[Congo–Ocean Railway#History|built by forced laborers]] during the 1930s. Some colonial architectural heritage is preserved. Restoration of architectural works is underway in Brazzaville, for example, at the Basilica of Sainte-Anne du Congo, which was completed in 2011.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://latitudefrance.org/25-mars-Inauguration-officielle-de.html|title=Inauguration de la basilique Sainte-Anne du Congo à Brazzaville|newspaper=Latitude France|place=Brazzaville|date=31 March 2011|access-date=21 March 2020|language=fr|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110413224106/http://latitudefrance.org/25-mars-Inauguration-officielle-de.html|archive-date=13 April 2011}}</ref>
==Demographics==
{{main|Demographics of the Republic of the Congo}}
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Religion in the Republic of the Congo by the [[Association of Religion Data Archives]] (2015)<ref name="ARDA">{{cite web|date=2015|title=Congo, Republic of the|access-date=18 May 2020|publisher=[[Association of Religion Data Archives]]|url=http://www.thearda.com/internationalData/countries/Country_58_1.asp|archive-date=22 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022230535/https://thearda.com/internationalData/countries/Country_58_1.asp|url-status=live}}</ref>
|label1 = [[Roman Catholic]]
|value1 = 52.9
|color1 = Blue
|label2 = [[Protestant]] and other Christian
|value2 = 35.6
|color2 = DarkOrchid
|label3 = [[Traditional African religions]]
|value3 = 4.7
|color3 = Gold
|label4 = Other religions
|value4 = 2.3
|color4 = MediumSeaGreen
|label5 = No religion
|value5 = 3.0
|color5 = Grey
|label6 = Don't know
|color6 = black
|value6 = 1.4
}}
{|class="wikitable" style="float: right; margin-left: 10px"
|+Population{{UN_Population|ref}}
! Year
! Million
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|1950 ||style="text-align:right;"|0.8
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|2000 ||style="text-align:right;"|3.2
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|{{UN_Population|Year}} ||style="text-align:right;"|{{#expr:{{formatnum:{{UN_Population|Congo}}|R}}/1e6 round 1}}
|}
Its population is concentrated in the southwestern portion, leaving the areas of tropical [[jungle]] in the north virtually uninhabited. 70% of its total population lives in urban areas, namely in [[Brazzaville]], [[Pointe-Noire]], or one of the cities or villages lining the {{convert|534|km|adj=on}}, railway which connects the two cities. In rural areas, industrial and commercial activity has declined in some years, leaving rural economies dependent on the government for support and subsistence.<ref name="StateDept"/>
[[Ethnologue]] recognizes 62 spoken languages in the country.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=CG | title=Languages of Congo | publisher=SIL International | access-date=13 June 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080923225148/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=CG | archive-date=23 September 2008 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref> The [[Kongo people|Kongo]] are the largest ethnic group and form roughly half of the population. The most significant subgroups of the Kongo are [[Lari (ethnic group)|Laari]], in Brazzaville and Pool regions,URM WHAT THE SIGMA and the [[Vili people|Vili]], around Pointe-Noire and along the Atlantic coast. The second largest group is the [[Bateke|Teke]], who live to the north of Brazzaville, with 16.9% of the population. [[Mbochi people|Mbochi]] live in the north, east and in Brazzaville and form 13.1% of the population.<ref>{{cite book | title=Ethnic groups worldwide | author=Levinson, David | year=1998 | pages=120–121 | isbn=978-1-57356-019-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uwi-rv3VV6cC&pg=PA120 | publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group | access-date=20 December 2020 | archive-date=13 April 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413223837/https://books.google.com/books?id=uwi-rv3VV6cC&pg=PA120 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.minorityrights.org/?lid=4141 | title=Congo Overview | publisher=Minority Rights Group International | access-date=13 June 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080614031740/http://www.minorityrights.org/?lid=4141 | archive-date=14 June 2008 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref> [[Pygmies]] make up 2% of Congo's population.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2011/08/05/les-pygmees-du-congo-en-danger-d-extinction_1556735_3212.html#ens_id=1259967 | title=Les pygmées du Congo en "danger d'extinction" | newspaper=Le Monde | date=5 August 2011 | access-date=5 November 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107030414/http://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2011/08/05/les-pygmees-du-congo-en-danger-d-extinction_1556735_3212.html#ens_id=1259967 | archive-date=7 November 2017 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref>
Before the 1997 war, about 9,000 Europeans and other non-Africans lived in Congo, most of whom were [[French people|French]]; a fraction of this number remains.<ref name="StateDept">[https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2825.htm#people Background Note: Republic of the Congo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190604183708/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2825.htm#people |date=4 June 2019 }} [[United States Department of State]]. Accessed on 21 August 2008.</ref> Around 300 [[United States|American]] immigrants reside in the Congo.<ref name="StateDept"/>
According to CIA World Factbook, the people of the Republic of the Congo are largely a mix of [[Catholics]] (33.1%), [[Awakening (Finnish religious movement)|Awakening Lutherans]] (22.3%), and other [[Protestants]] (19.9%) as of 2007. Followers of [[Islam]] make up 1.6%; this is primarily due to an influx of foreign workers into the urban centers.<ref name="CIA" />
According to a 2011–12 survey, the total fertility rate was 5.1 children born per woman, with 4.5 in urban areas and 6.5 in rural areas.<ref>[http://www.measuredhs.com/pubs/pdf/FR267/FR267.pdf Congo. Enquête Démographique et de Santé 2011–2012] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222140728/http://www.measuredhs.com/pubs/pdf/FR267/FR267.pdf |date=22 February 2014 }}. Centre National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques (CNSEE), Brazzaville. December 2012</ref>
{{Largest cities
| country = Republic of the Congo
| stat_ref = [https://www.citypopulation.de/Congo.html City Population: CONGO (REP.)]
| list_by_pop =
| div_name =
| div_link = Departments of the Republic of the Congo{{!}}Department
| city_1 = Brazzaville
| div_1 = Brazzaville Department{{!}}Brazzaville
| pop_1 = 1,373,382
| img_1 = Brazzaville bird eye view.jpg
| city_2 = Pointe-Noire
| div_2 = Pointe-Noire Department{{!}}Pointe-Noire
| pop_2 = 715,334
| img_2 = Pointe-Noire downtown.jpg
| city_3 = Dolisie
| div_3 = Niari Department{{!}}Niari
| pop_3 = 83,798
| img_3 =
| city_4 =Nkayi, Republic of the Congo{{!}}Nkayi
| div_4 = Bouenza
| pop_4 = 71,620
| img_4 =
| city_5 = Impfondo
| div_5 = Likouala Department{{!}}Likouala
| pop_5 = 33,911
| img_5 =
| city_6 = Ouésso
| div_6 = Sangha Department (Republic of the Congo){{!}}Sangha
| pop_6 = 28,179
| img_6 =
| city_7 = Madingou
| div_7 = Bouenza Department{{!}}Bouenza
| pop_7 = 25,713
| img_7 =
| city_8 = Owando
| div_8 = Cuvette Department{{!}}Cuvette
| pop_8 = 24,736
| img_8 =
| city_9 = Sibiti
| div_9 = Lékoumou Department{{!}}Lékoumou
| pop_9 = 22,951
| img_9 =
| city_10 = Loutété
| div_10 = Bouenza Department{{!}}Bouenza
| pop_10 = 19,212
| img_10 =
}}
===Health===
{{Further|Health in the Republic of the Congo}}
Public expenditure health was at 8.9% of the GDP in 2004 whereas private expenditure was at 1.3%.<ref name="hdrstats.undp.org">{{cite web |url=http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/countries/data_sheets/cty_ds_COG.html |title=Human Development Report 2009 |access-date=24 June 2014 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100117223815/http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/countries/data_sheets/cty_ds_COG.html |archive-date=17 January 2010}}. undp.org</ref>
{{As of|2012}}, the [[HIV/AIDS]] prevalence was at 2.8% among 15- to 49-year-olds.<ref name="CIA" /> Health expenditure was at US$30 per capita in 2004.<ref name="hdrstats.undp.org"/> A proportion of the population is undernourished,<ref name="hdrstats.undp.org"/> and [[malnutrition]] is a problem in Congo-Brazzaville.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.irinnews.org/report/73653/congo-grappling-with-malnutrition-and-post-conflict-woes|title=IRIN Africa – CONGO: Grappling with malnutrition and post-conflict woes – Congo – Food Security – Health & Nutrition|work=IRINnews|access-date=23 January 2015|date=8 August 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129020635/http://www.irinnews.org/report/73653/congo-grappling-with-malnutrition-and-post-conflict-woes|archive-date=29 November 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> There were 20 physicians per 100,000 persons in the 2000s (decade).<ref name="hdrstats.undp.org"/>
{{As of|2010}}, the [[maternal mortality]] rate was 560 deaths/100,000 live births, and the [[infant mortality]] rate was 59.34 deaths/1,000 live births.<ref name="CIA" /> [[Female genital mutilation]] (FGM) is confined to limited geographic areas.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://inthenews.unfpa.org/?p=15146|title=CONGO (BRAZZAVILLE): UNFPA Leads Fight Against FGM " UNFPA in the News|access-date=23 January 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129011052/http://inthenews.unfpa.org/?p=15146|archive-date=29 November 2014}}</ref>
===Education===
{{main|Education in the Republic of the Congo}}
[[File:SAINTE RITA CONG-BR2.jpg|thumb|School children in the classroom, Republic of the Congo]]
Public expenditure of the GDP was less in 2002–05 than in 1991.<ref name="hdrstats.undp.org"/> Public education is theoretically free and mandatory for under-16-year-olds,<ref name="unhcr.org">[http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,,,COG,456d621e2,4aba3ee628,0.html Refworld | 2008 Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor – Congo, Republic of the] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510033931/http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,,,COG,456d621e2,4aba3ee628,0.html |date=10 May 2011 }}. UNHCR. Retrieved on 25 February 2013.</ref> and in practice, expenses exist.<ref name="unhcr.org"/> In 2005 net primary enrollment rate was 44%, a drop from 79% in 1991.<ref name="hdrstats.undp.org"/>
==Culture==
{{main|Culture of the Republic of the Congo}}
===Media===
{{main|Mass media in the Republic of the Congo}}
==See also==
{{portal|Republic of the Congo|Africa|Countries}}
*[[Outline of the Republic of the Congo]]
*[[Index of Republic of the Congo–related articles]]
{{clear}}
==Notes==
{{notelist}}
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==Further reading==
{{Refbegin}}
*Maria Petringa, ''Brazza, A Life for Africa'' (2006) {{ISBN|978-1-4259-1198-0}}
{{Refend}}
==External links==
{{Sister project links|Republic of the Congo|voy=Republic of the Congo}}
'''Government'''
*[http://www.presidence.cg/accueil/ Presidency of the Republic] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101222012727/http://www.presidence.cg/accueil/ |date=22 December 2010 }} {{in lang|fr}}
*[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-c/congo-republic-of-the.html Chief of State and Cabinet Members] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081210080257/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-c/congo-republic-of-the.html |date=10 December 2008 }}
'''General'''
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/country_profiles/1076794.stm Country Profile] from [[BBC News]]
*[https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/congo-republic-of-the/ Republic of the Congo]. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]].
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20081207054856/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/Congo.htm Republic of the Congo] from ''UCB Libraries GovPubs''
*{{curlie|Regional/Africa/Congo}}
*{{wikiatlas|the Republic of the Congo}}
'''Tourism'''
*{{Wikivoyage inline}}
{{Congo-Brazzaville topics}}
{{Navboxes
|list =
{{Countries of Africa}}
{{African Union}}
{{La Francophonie}}
}}
{{Authority control}}
{{coord|-1.44|15.556|display=title|type:country}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Congo, Republic Of The}}
[[Category:Republic of the Congo| ]]
[[Category:Central African countries]]
[[Category:Former French colonies]]
[[Category:French-speaking countries and territories]]
[[Category:Economic Community of Central African States]]
[[Category:Member states of OPEC]]
[[Category:Member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie]]
[[Category:Member states of the African Union]]
[[Category:Member states of the United Nations]]
[[Category:Republics]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1960]]
[[Category:1960 establishments in Africa]]
[[Category:Countries in Africa]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -66,6 +66,6 @@
| established_event1 = Republic established
| established_date1 = 28 November 1958
-| established_event2 = from France
-| established_date2 = 15 August 1960
+| established_event2 = from epsteins island
+| established_date2 = 20 April 2001
| currency = [[Central African CFA franc]]
| currency_code = XAF
@@ -292,5 +292,5 @@
Its population is concentrated in the southwestern portion, leaving the areas of tropical [[jungle]] in the north virtually uninhabited. 70% of its total population lives in urban areas, namely in [[Brazzaville]], [[Pointe-Noire]], or one of the cities or villages lining the {{convert|534|km|adj=on}}, railway which connects the two cities. In rural areas, industrial and commercial activity has declined in some years, leaving rural economies dependent on the government for support and subsistence.<ref name="StateDept"/>
-[[Ethnologue]] recognizes 62 spoken languages in the country.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=CG | title=Languages of Congo | publisher=SIL International | access-date=13 June 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080923225148/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=CG | archive-date=23 September 2008 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref> The [[Kongo people|Kongo]] are the largest ethnic group and form roughly half of the population. The most significant subgroups of the Kongo are [[Lari (ethnic group)|Laari]], in Brazzaville and Pool regions, and the [[Vili people|Vili]], around Pointe-Noire and along the Atlantic coast. The second largest group is the [[Bateke|Teke]], who live to the north of Brazzaville, with 16.9% of the population. [[Mbochi people|Mbochi]] live in the north, east and in Brazzaville and form 13.1% of the population.<ref>{{cite book | title=Ethnic groups worldwide | author=Levinson, David | year=1998 | pages=120–121 | isbn=978-1-57356-019-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uwi-rv3VV6cC&pg=PA120 | publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group | access-date=20 December 2020 | archive-date=13 April 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413223837/https://books.google.com/books?id=uwi-rv3VV6cC&pg=PA120 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.minorityrights.org/?lid=4141 | title=Congo Overview | publisher=Minority Rights Group International | access-date=13 June 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080614031740/http://www.minorityrights.org/?lid=4141 | archive-date=14 June 2008 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref> [[Pygmies]] make up 2% of Congo's population.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2011/08/05/les-pygmees-du-congo-en-danger-d-extinction_1556735_3212.html#ens_id=1259967 | title=Les pygmées du Congo en "danger d'extinction" | newspaper=Le Monde | date=5 August 2011 | access-date=5 November 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107030414/http://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2011/08/05/les-pygmees-du-congo-en-danger-d-extinction_1556735_3212.html#ens_id=1259967 | archive-date=7 November 2017 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref>
+[[Ethnologue]] recognizes 62 spoken languages in the country.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=CG | title=Languages of Congo | publisher=SIL International | access-date=13 June 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080923225148/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=CG | archive-date=23 September 2008 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref> The [[Kongo people|Kongo]] are the largest ethnic group and form roughly half of the population. The most significant subgroups of the Kongo are [[Lari (ethnic group)|Laari]], in Brazzaville and Pool regions,URM WHAT THE SIGMA and the [[Vili people|Vili]], around Pointe-Noire and along the Atlantic coast. The second largest group is the [[Bateke|Teke]], who live to the north of Brazzaville, with 16.9% of the population. [[Mbochi people|Mbochi]] live in the north, east and in Brazzaville and form 13.1% of the population.<ref>{{cite book | title=Ethnic groups worldwide | author=Levinson, David | year=1998 | pages=120–121 | isbn=978-1-57356-019-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uwi-rv3VV6cC&pg=PA120 | publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group | access-date=20 December 2020 | archive-date=13 April 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413223837/https://books.google.com/books?id=uwi-rv3VV6cC&pg=PA120 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.minorityrights.org/?lid=4141 | title=Congo Overview | publisher=Minority Rights Group International | access-date=13 June 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080614031740/http://www.minorityrights.org/?lid=4141 | archive-date=14 June 2008 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref> [[Pygmies]] make up 2% of Congo's population.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2011/08/05/les-pygmees-du-congo-en-danger-d-extinction_1556735_3212.html#ens_id=1259967 | title=Les pygmées du Congo en "danger d'extinction" | newspaper=Le Monde | date=5 August 2011 | access-date=5 November 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107030414/http://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2011/08/05/les-pygmees-du-congo-en-danger-d-extinction_1556735_3212.html#ens_id=1259967 | archive-date=7 November 2017 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref>
Before the 1997 war, about 9,000 Europeans and other non-Africans lived in Congo, most of whom were [[French people|French]]; a fraction of this number remains.<ref name="StateDept">[https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2825.htm#people Background Note: Republic of the Congo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190604183708/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2825.htm#people |date=4 June 2019 }} [[United States Department of State]]. Accessed on 21 August 2008.</ref> Around 300 [[United States|American]] immigrants reside in the Congo.<ref name="StateDept"/>
' |
New page size (new_size) | 70709 |
Old page size (old_size) | 70681 |
Size change in edit (edit_delta) | 28 |
Lines added in edit (added_lines) | [
0 => '| established_event2 = from epsteins island ',
1 => '| established_date2 = 20 April 2001',
2 => '[[Ethnologue]] recognizes 62 spoken languages in the country.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=CG | title=Languages of Congo | publisher=SIL International | access-date=13 June 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080923225148/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=CG | archive-date=23 September 2008 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref> The [[Kongo people|Kongo]] are the largest ethnic group and form roughly half of the population. The most significant subgroups of the Kongo are [[Lari (ethnic group)|Laari]], in Brazzaville and Pool regions,URM WHAT THE SIGMA and the [[Vili people|Vili]], around Pointe-Noire and along the Atlantic coast. The second largest group is the [[Bateke|Teke]], who live to the north of Brazzaville, with 16.9% of the population. [[Mbochi people|Mbochi]] live in the north, east and in Brazzaville and form 13.1% of the population.<ref>{{cite book | title=Ethnic groups worldwide | author=Levinson, David | year=1998 | pages=120–121 | isbn=978-1-57356-019-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uwi-rv3VV6cC&pg=PA120 | publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group | access-date=20 December 2020 | archive-date=13 April 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413223837/https://books.google.com/books?id=uwi-rv3VV6cC&pg=PA120 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.minorityrights.org/?lid=4141 | title=Congo Overview | publisher=Minority Rights Group International | access-date=13 June 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080614031740/http://www.minorityrights.org/?lid=4141 | archive-date=14 June 2008 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref> [[Pygmies]] make up 2% of Congo's population.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2011/08/05/les-pygmees-du-congo-en-danger-d-extinction_1556735_3212.html#ens_id=1259967 | title=Les pygmées du Congo en "danger d'extinction" | newspaper=Le Monde | date=5 August 2011 | access-date=5 November 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107030414/http://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2011/08/05/les-pygmees-du-congo-en-danger-d-extinction_1556735_3212.html#ens_id=1259967 | archive-date=7 November 2017 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref>'
] |
Lines removed in edit (removed_lines) | [
0 => '| established_event2 = from France',
1 => '| established_date2 = 15 August 1960',
2 => '[[Ethnologue]] recognizes 62 spoken languages in the country.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=CG | title=Languages of Congo | publisher=SIL International | access-date=13 June 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080923225148/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=CG | archive-date=23 September 2008 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref> The [[Kongo people|Kongo]] are the largest ethnic group and form roughly half of the population. The most significant subgroups of the Kongo are [[Lari (ethnic group)|Laari]], in Brazzaville and Pool regions, and the [[Vili people|Vili]], around Pointe-Noire and along the Atlantic coast. The second largest group is the [[Bateke|Teke]], who live to the north of Brazzaville, with 16.9% of the population. [[Mbochi people|Mbochi]] live in the north, east and in Brazzaville and form 13.1% of the population.<ref>{{cite book | title=Ethnic groups worldwide | author=Levinson, David | year=1998 | pages=120–121 | isbn=978-1-57356-019-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uwi-rv3VV6cC&pg=PA120 | publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group | access-date=20 December 2020 | archive-date=13 April 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413223837/https://books.google.com/books?id=uwi-rv3VV6cC&pg=PA120 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.minorityrights.org/?lid=4141 | title=Congo Overview | publisher=Minority Rights Group International | access-date=13 June 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080614031740/http://www.minorityrights.org/?lid=4141 | archive-date=14 June 2008 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref> [[Pygmies]] make up 2% of Congo's population.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2011/08/05/les-pygmees-du-congo-en-danger-d-extinction_1556735_3212.html#ens_id=1259967 | title=Les pygmées du Congo en "danger d'extinction" | newspaper=Le Monde | date=5 August 2011 | access-date=5 November 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107030414/http://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2011/08/05/les-pygmees-du-congo-en-danger-d-extinction_1556735_3212.html#ens_id=1259967 | archive-date=7 November 2017 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref>'
] |
All external links added in the edit (added_links) | [] |
All external links removed in the edit (removed_links) | [] |
All external links in the new text (all_links) | [
0 => 'https://mjp.univ-perp.fr/constit/cg2015.htm',
1 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20160313042001/http://mjp.univ-perp.fr/constit/cg2015.htm',
2 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20221010060035/http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/republic-of-the-congo#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2020®ion_name=All%20Countries&restrictions_year=2016',
3 => 'http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/republic-of-the-congo#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2020®ion_name=All%20Countries&restrictions_year=2016',
4 => 'https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2021/apr/10/denis-sassou-nguesso-rules-like-an-emperor-while-congolese-die-from-extreme-poverty-congo-brazzaville',
5 => 'https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077',
6 => 'https://www.dw.com/en/sassou-nguesso-clings-to-power-in-congo-brazzaville/a-19127711',
7 => 'https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20210323-congo-brazzaville-s-sassou-nguesso-re-elected-with-more-than-88-of-vote-early-results-show',
8 => 'https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/congo-republic-of-the',
9 => 'https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=634,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1',
10 => 'http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/',
11 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20150209003326/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI',
12 => 'http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2020.pdf',
13 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20201215063955/http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2020.pdf',
14 => 'http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/international/countriesandterritories/congo/',
15 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140107004300/http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/international/countriesandterritories/congo/',
16 => 'https://ambacongofr.org/index.php/le-congo',
17 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20200603040258/https://ambacongofr.org/index.php/le-congo',
18 => 'https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/congo-republic-of-the/',
19 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210109222956/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/congo-republic-of-the',
20 => 'https://www.idref.fr/229819249',
21 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210509074904/https://www.idref.fr/229819249',
22 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=uyqepNdgUWkC&pg=PA225',
23 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20160502165932/https://books.google.com/books?id=uyqepNdgUWkC&pg=PA225',
24 => 'https://www.npr.org/2007/04/28/9896339/a-visit-to-the-other-congo-the-forgotten-congo',
25 => 'https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2825.htm',
26 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20170714082702/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2825.htm',
27 => 'http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/2752833.stm',
28 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20161129212544/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/2752833.stm',
29 => 'https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195382075.001.0001/acref-9780195382075-e-1533',
30 => 'https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%2F9780195382075.001.0001',
31 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210122130300/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195382075.001.0001/acref-9780195382075-e-1533',
32 => 'https://history.state.gov/countries/congo-republic',
33 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20170512065606/https://history.state.gov/countries/congo-republic',
34 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20190604183708/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2825.htm',
35 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=M3A-xgf1yM4C',
36 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20160506124534/https://books.google.com/books?id=M3A-xgf1yM4C',
37 => 'http://www.itnsource.com/shotlist//RTV/1959/02/27/BGY503110492/?s=evacuations',
38 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140505233442/http://www.itnsource.com/shotlist//RTV/1959/02/27/BGY503110492/?s=evacuations',
39 => 'http://www.encyclopedia.com/people/history/african-history-biographies/fulbert-youlou',
40 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20161128051046/http://www.encyclopedia.com/people/history/african-history-biographies/fulbert-youlou',
41 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=15Qza8LQcFMC',
42 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20200801213039/https://books.google.com/books?id=15Qza8LQcFMC',
43 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=UGoEAQAAIAAJ',
44 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210413223836/https://books.google.com/books?id=UGoEAQAAIAAJ',
45 => 'http://store.eiu.com/Product.aspx?pid=50000205&gid=1310000331&sid=735820073',
46 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20131013100410/http://store.eiu.com/Product.aspx?pid=50000205&gid=1310000331&sid=735820073',
47 => 'http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=22&year=2006&country=7093',
48 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20091015231843/http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=22&country=7093&year=2006',
49 => 'http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1779007.stm',
50 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20090930011021/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1779007.stm',
51 => 'http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/2859881.stm',
52 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20090930011034/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/2859881.stm',
53 => 'https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jqfjSxI0cOeNG4TITywUuuQMNTGA',
54 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20110312165149/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jqfjSxI0cOeNG4TITywUuuQMNTGA',
55 => 'http://www.france24.com/en/20090715-congo-government-expected-release-vote-results-fraud-opposition-poll',
56 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20090727141917/http://www.france24.com/en/20090715-congo-government-expected-release-vote-results-fraud-opposition-poll',
57 => 'http://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/special-report/2018/06/18/updated-congo-brazzaville-s-hidden-war',
58 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20190408002300/http://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/special-report/2018/06/18/updated-congo-brazzaville-s-hidden-war',
59 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20120204033107/https://af.reuters.com/article/idAFLR9382820090429?pageNumber=3&virtualBrandChannel=0',
60 => 'https://af.reuters.com/article/idAFLR9382820090429?pageNumber=3&virtualBrandChannel=0',
61 => 'http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6948281.stm',
62 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20090930011028/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6948281.stm',
63 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20091012122950/http://www.fpif.org/fpiftxt/6209',
64 => 'http://www.fpif.org/fpiftxt/6209',
65 => 'http://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2016/04/04/les-africains-du-panama-1-les-circuits-offshore-des-fils-de_4895102_3212.html#JWAeAK6oVt0UvEe4.99',
66 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20161112044052/http://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2016/04/04/les-africains-du-panama-1-les-circuits-offshore-des-fils-de_4895102_3212.html#JWAeAK6oVt0UvEe4.99',
67 => 'https://www.reuters.com/article/us-congo-president-idUSKBN0MN25N20150327',
68 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20150929205702/http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/03/27/us-congo-president-idUSKBN0MN25N20150327',
69 => 'https://www.reuters.com/article/us-congo-opposition-idUSKCN0SO24720151030#6gUx7xJL8tLmw1OB.97',
70 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20151128070432/http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/10/30/us-congo-opposition-idUSKCN0SO24720151030#6gUx7xJL8tLmw1OB.97',
71 => 'http://www.lefigaro.fr/international/2016/04/04/01003-20160404ARTFIG00174-violences-au-congo-le-gouvernement-accuse-les-opposants-a-sassou-nguesso.php',
72 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20160514153900/http://www.lefigaro.fr/international/2016/04/04/01003-20160404ARTFIG00174-violences-au-congo-le-gouvernement-accuse-les-opposants-a-sassou-nguesso.php',
73 => 'http://www.presidence.cg/congo/administration.php',
74 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20090727221905/http://www.presidence.cg/congo/administration.php',
75 => 'http://www.cnsee.org/Publication/Annuaire_04.pdf',
76 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20091113142137/http://www.cnsee.org/Publication/Annuaire_04.pdf',
77 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20090116112954/http://www.zenga-mambu.com/fiche.php?id=693',
78 => 'http://www.zenga-mambu.com/fiche.php?id=693',
79 => 'http://www.congo-siteportail.info/Les-donnees-generales-sur-le-Congo_a18.html',
80 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20090518092837/http://www.congo-siteportail.info/Les-donnees-generales-sur-le-Congo_a18.html',
81 => 'http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/regions/africa/111113/pygmy-pets-congo-pygmies-slavery-human-rights',
82 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20111114021904/http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/regions/africa/111113/pygmy-pets-congo-pygmies-slavery-human-rights',
83 => 'http://internationalreportingproject.org/stories/view/slaves-of-the-congo',
84 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140714221201/http://internationalreportingproject.org/stories/view/slaves-of-the-congo',
85 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20101124090322/http://www.iwgia.org/sw153.asp',
86 => 'http://www.iwgia.org/sw153.asp',
87 => 'https://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/africa/congo/cgland.htm',
88 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20200321044429/https://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/africa/congo/cgland.htm',
89 => 'http://pdf.wri.org/gfw_congo_atlas_v1_affiche_fr.pdf',
90 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20090114040015/http://pdf.wri.org/gfw_congo_atlas_v1_affiche_fr.pdf',
91 => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7723057',
92 => 'https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020NatCo..11.5978G',
93 => 'https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41467-020-19493-3',
94 => 'https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2041-1723',
95 => 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33293507',
96 => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5451287',
97 => 'https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbiosci%2Fbix014',
98 => 'https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0006-3568',
99 => 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28608869',
100 => 'https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008ThApC..91...85S',
101 => 'https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00704-007-0298-0',
102 => 'https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:120659948',
103 => 'https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=93254830',
104 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20080828044221/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=93254830',
105 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20080323115110/http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/congo2.html',
106 => 'http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/congo2.html',
107 => 'http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/AFRICAEXT/CONGOEXTN/0,,menuPK:349223~pagePK:141132~piPK:141107~theSitePK:349199,00.html',
108 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20090504123157/http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/AFRICAEXT/CONGOEXTN/0,,menuPK:349223~pagePK:141132~piPK:141107~theSitePK:349199,00.html',
109 => 'http://www.econstats.com/weo/CCOG.htm',
110 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20090428114157/http://www.econstats.com/weo/CCOG.htm',
111 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20090510045124/http://www.kimberleyprocess.com/download/getfile/310',
112 => 'http://www.kimberleyprocess.com/download/getfile/310',
113 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20080304225023/http://www.kimberleyprocess.com/download/getfile/678',
114 => 'http://www.kimberleyprocess.com/download/getfile/678',
115 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20161227073149/https://www.mbendi.com/indy/ming/af/co/p0005.htm',
116 => 'http://www.mbendi.com/indy/ming/af/co/p0005.htm',
117 => 'http://www.ohada.com/index.php',
118 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20090326033744/http://www.ohada.com/index.php',
119 => 'https://archive.today/20110218183659/http://www.nationalpost.com/news/story.html?id=2130070',
120 => 'https://nationalpost.com/news/story.html?id=2130070',
121 => 'https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/congo/6398253/Congo-hands-land-to-South-African-farmers.html',
122 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20180521201638/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/congo/6398253/Congo-hands-land-to-South-African-farmers.html',
123 => 'https://www.gfmag.com/global-data/country-data/republic-of-the-congo-gdp-country-report',
124 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20160124211901/http://www.gfmag.com/global-data/country-data/republic-of-the-congo-gdp-country-report',
125 => 'https://www.opec.org/opec_web/en/about_us/25.htm',
126 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20190208202051/https://www.opec.org/opec_web/en/about_us/25.htm',
127 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20110413224106/http://latitudefrance.org/25-mars-Inauguration-officielle-de.html',
128 => 'http://latitudefrance.org/25-mars-Inauguration-officielle-de.html',
129 => 'http://www.thearda.com/internationalData/countries/Country_58_1.asp',
130 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20201022230535/https://thearda.com/internationalData/countries/Country_58_1.asp',
131 => 'https://population.un.org/wpp/',
132 => 'https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_General/WPP2022_GEN_F01_DEMOGRAPHIC_INDICATORS_COMPACT_REV1.xlsx',
133 => 'https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2825.htm#people',
134 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20190604183708/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2825.htm#people',
135 => 'http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=CG',
136 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20080923225148/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=CG',
137 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=uwi-rv3VV6cC&pg=PA120',
138 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210413223837/https://books.google.com/books?id=uwi-rv3VV6cC&pg=PA120',
139 => 'http://www.minorityrights.org/?lid=4141',
140 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20080614031740/http://www.minorityrights.org/?lid=4141',
141 => 'http://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2011/08/05/les-pygmees-du-congo-en-danger-d-extinction_1556735_3212.html#ens_id=1259967',
142 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20171107030414/http://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2011/08/05/les-pygmees-du-congo-en-danger-d-extinction_1556735_3212.html#ens_id=1259967',
143 => 'http://www.measuredhs.com/pubs/pdf/FR267/FR267.pdf',
144 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140222140728/http://www.measuredhs.com/pubs/pdf/FR267/FR267.pdf',
145 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20100117223815/http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/countries/data_sheets/cty_ds_COG.html',
146 => 'http://www.irinnews.org/report/73653/congo-grappling-with-malnutrition-and-post-conflict-woes',
147 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20141129020635/http://www.irinnews.org/report/73653/congo-grappling-with-malnutrition-and-post-conflict-woes',
148 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20141129011052/http://inthenews.unfpa.org/?p=15146',
149 => 'http://inthenews.unfpa.org/?p=15146',
150 => 'http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,,,COG,456d621e2,4aba3ee628,0.html',
151 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20110510033931/http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,,,COG,456d621e2,4aba3ee628,0.html',
152 => 'https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Republic_of_the_Congo¶ms=1.44_S_15.556_E_type:country',
153 => 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q971#identifiers',
154 => 'https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Republic_of_the_Congo¶ms=4_16_S_15_17_E_type:city',
155 => 'https://www.citypopulation.de/Congo.html',
156 => 'http://www.presidence.cg/accueil/',
157 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20101222012727/http://www.presidence.cg/accueil/',
158 => 'https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-c/congo-republic-of-the.html',
159 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20081210080257/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-c/congo-republic-of-the.html',
160 => 'http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/country_profiles/1076794.stm',
161 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20081207054856/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/Congo.htm',
162 => 'https://curlie.org/Regional/Africa/Congo',
163 => 'https://isni.org/isni/0000000123242385',
164 => 'https://viaf.org/viaf/173167475',
165 => 'https://viaf.org/viaf/140807063',
166 => 'https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJbtpMQ73yhkyfGmfWMF8C',
167 => 'https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11872709n',
168 => 'https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11872709n',
169 => 'https://d-nb.info/gnd/4032097-2',
170 => 'http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007548184005171',
171 => 'https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80061151',
172 => 'https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00566558',
173 => 'https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge131423&CON_LNG=ENG',
174 => 'https://musicbrainz.org/area/185bc3c4-4c5a-3f69-9384-7c280dfdf072',
175 => 'https://id.parliament.uk/jty8D92z',
176 => 'https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/003449',
177 => 'https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10035680',
178 => 'https://www.idref.fr/027544931'
] |
Links in the page, before the edit (old_links) | [
0 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=uyqepNdgUWkC&pg=PA225',
1 => 'http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/2752833.stm',
2 => 'https://history.state.gov/countries/congo-republic',
3 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=M3A-xgf1yM4C',
4 => 'http://www.itnsource.com/shotlist//RTV/1959/02/27/BGY503110492/?s=evacuations',
5 => 'http://www.encyclopedia.com/people/history/african-history-biographies/fulbert-youlou',
6 => 'http://store.eiu.com/Product.aspx?pid=50000205&gid=1310000331&sid=735820073',
7 => 'http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=22&year=2006&country=7093',
8 => 'http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1779007.stm',
9 => 'http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/2859881.stm',
10 => 'https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jqfjSxI0cOeNG4TITywUuuQMNTGA',
11 => 'http://www.france24.com/en/20090715-congo-government-expected-release-vote-results-fraud-opposition-poll',
12 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20090727141917/http://www.france24.com/en/20090715-congo-government-expected-release-vote-results-fraud-opposition-poll',
13 => 'http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6948281.stm',
14 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20091012122950/http://www.fpif.org/fpiftxt/6209',
15 => 'http://www.fpif.org/fpiftxt/6209',
16 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20120204033107/https://af.reuters.com/article/idAFLR9382820090429?pageNumber=3&virtualBrandChannel=0',
17 => 'https://af.reuters.com/article/idAFLR9382820090429?pageNumber=3&virtualBrandChannel=0',
18 => 'http://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2016/04/04/les-africains-du-panama-1-les-circuits-offshore-des-fils-de_4895102_3212.html#JWAeAK6oVt0UvEe4.99',
19 => 'http://www.lefigaro.fr/international/2016/04/04/01003-20160404ARTFIG00174-violences-au-congo-le-gouvernement-accuse-les-opposants-a-sassou-nguesso.php',
20 => 'http://www.presidence.cg/congo/administration.php',
21 => 'http://www.cnsee.org/Publication/Annuaire_04.pdf',
22 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20090116112954/http://www.zenga-mambu.com/fiche.php?id=693',
23 => 'http://www.zenga-mambu.com/fiche.php?id=693',
24 => 'http://www.congo-siteportail.info/Les-donnees-generales-sur-le-Congo_a18.html',
25 => 'http://pdf.wri.org/gfw_congo_atlas_v1_affiche_fr.pdf',
26 => 'https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=93254830',
27 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20080323115110/http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/congo2.html',
28 => 'http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/congo2.html',
29 => 'http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/AFRICAEXT/CONGOEXTN/0,,menuPK:349223~pagePK:141132~piPK:141107~theSitePK:349199,00.html',
30 => 'http://www.econstats.com/weo/CCOG.htm',
31 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20090510045124/http://www.kimberleyprocess.com/download/getfile/310',
32 => 'http://www.kimberleyprocess.com/download/getfile/310',
33 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20080304225023/http://www.kimberleyprocess.com/download/getfile/678',
34 => 'http://www.kimberleyprocess.com/download/getfile/678',
35 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20161227073149/https://www.mbendi.com/indy/ming/af/co/p0005.htm',
36 => 'http://www.mbendi.com/indy/ming/af/co/p0005.htm',
37 => 'http://www.ohada.com/index.php',
38 => 'https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/congo/6398253/Congo-hands-land-to-South-African-farmers.html',
39 => 'https://www.gfmag.com/global-data/country-data/republic-of-the-congo-gdp-country-report',
40 => 'http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=CG',
41 => 'http://www.minorityrights.org/?lid=4141',
42 => 'http://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2011/08/05/les-pygmees-du-congo-en-danger-d-extinction_1556735_3212.html#ens_id=1259967',
43 => 'http://www.measuredhs.com/pubs/pdf/FR267/FR267.pdf',
44 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20100117223815/http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/countries/data_sheets/cty_ds_COG.html',
45 => 'http://www.irinnews.org/report/73653/congo-grappling-with-malnutrition-and-post-conflict-woes',
46 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20141129011052/http://inthenews.unfpa.org/?p=15146',
47 => 'http://inthenews.unfpa.org/?p=15146',
48 => 'http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,,,COG,456d621e2,4aba3ee628,0.html',
49 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20110510033931/http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,,,COG,456d621e2,4aba3ee628,0.html',
50 => 'https://www.citypopulation.de/Congo.html',
51 => 'http://www.presidence.cg/accueil/',
52 => 'https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-c/congo-republic-of-the.html',
53 => 'http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/country_profiles/1076794.stm',
54 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20081207054856/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/Congo.htm',
55 => 'https://curlie.org/Regional/Africa/Congo',
56 => 'https://d-nb.info/gnd/4032097-2',
57 => 'https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10035680',
58 => 'https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00566558',
59 => 'https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge131423&CON_LNG=ENG',
60 => 'https://musicbrainz.org/area/185bc3c4-4c5a-3f69-9384-7c280dfdf072',
61 => 'https://www.opec.org/opec_web/en/about_us/25.htm',
62 => 'https://nationalpost.com/news/story.html?id=2130070',
63 => 'http://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/special-report/2018/06/18/updated-congo-brazzaville-s-hidden-war',
64 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20160502165932/https://books.google.com/books?id=uyqepNdgUWkC&pg=PA225',
65 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20161129212544/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/2752833.stm',
66 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20170512065606/https://history.state.gov/countries/congo-republic',
67 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20160506124534/https://books.google.com/books?id=M3A-xgf1yM4C',
68 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140505233442/http://www.itnsource.com/shotlist//RTV/1959/02/27/BGY503110492/?s=evacuations',
69 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20161128051046/http://www.encyclopedia.com/people/history/african-history-biographies/fulbert-youlou',
70 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20131013100410/http://store.eiu.com/Product.aspx?pid=50000205&gid=1310000331&sid=735820073',
71 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20091015231843/http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=22&country=7093&year=2006',
72 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20090930011021/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1779007.stm',
73 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20090930011034/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/2859881.stm',
74 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20110312165149/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jqfjSxI0cOeNG4TITywUuuQMNTGA',
75 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20190408002300/http://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/special-report/2018/06/18/updated-congo-brazzaville-s-hidden-war',
76 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20090930011028/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6948281.stm',
77 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20161112044052/http://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2016/04/04/les-africains-du-panama-1-les-circuits-offshore-des-fils-de_4895102_3212.html#JWAeAK6oVt0UvEe4.99',
78 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20150929205702/http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/03/27/us-congo-president-idUSKBN0MN25N20150327',
79 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20151128070432/http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/10/30/us-congo-opposition-idUSKCN0SO24720151030#6gUx7xJL8tLmw1OB.97',
80 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20160514153900/http://www.lefigaro.fr/international/2016/04/04/01003-20160404ARTFIG00174-violences-au-congo-le-gouvernement-accuse-les-opposants-a-sassou-nguesso.php',
81 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20090727221905/http://www.presidence.cg/congo/administration.php',
82 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20091113142137/http://www.cnsee.org/Publication/Annuaire_04.pdf',
83 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20090518092837/http://www.congo-siteportail.info/Les-donnees-generales-sur-le-Congo_a18.html',
84 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20090114040015/http://pdf.wri.org/gfw_congo_atlas_v1_affiche_fr.pdf',
85 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20080828044221/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=93254830',
86 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20090504123157/http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/AFRICAEXT/CONGOEXTN/0,,menuPK:349223~pagePK:141132~piPK:141107~theSitePK:349199,00.html',
87 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20090428114157/http://www.econstats.com/weo/CCOG.htm',
88 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20090326033744/http://www.ohada.com/index.php',
89 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20180521201638/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/congo/6398253/Congo-hands-land-to-South-African-farmers.html',
90 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20160124211901/http://www.gfmag.com/global-data/country-data/republic-of-the-congo-gdp-country-report',
91 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20190208202051/https://www.opec.org/opec_web/en/about_us/25.htm',
92 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20080923225148/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=CG',
93 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20080614031740/http://www.minorityrights.org/?lid=4141',
94 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20171107030414/http://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2011/08/05/les-pygmees-du-congo-en-danger-d-extinction_1556735_3212.html#ens_id=1259967',
95 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140222140728/http://www.measuredhs.com/pubs/pdf/FR267/FR267.pdf',
96 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20141129020635/http://www.irinnews.org/report/73653/congo-grappling-with-malnutrition-and-post-conflict-woes',
97 => 'https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2825.htm',
98 => 'https://archive.today/20110218183659/http://www.nationalpost.com/news/story.html?id=2130070',
99 => 'https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2825.htm#people',
100 => 'https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11872709n',
101 => 'https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11872709n',
102 => 'https://www.idref.fr/027544931',
103 => 'https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008ThApC..91...85S',
104 => 'https://viaf.org/viaf/173167475',
105 => 'https://population.un.org/wpp/',
106 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=15Qza8LQcFMC',
107 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=UGoEAQAAIAAJ',
108 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20110413224106/http://latitudefrance.org/25-mars-Inauguration-officielle-de.html',
109 => 'http://latitudefrance.org/25-mars-Inauguration-officielle-de.html',
110 => 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q971#identifiers',
111 => 'https://isni.org/isni/0000000123242385',
112 => 'https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/003449',
113 => 'https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:120659948',
114 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=uwi-rv3VV6cC&pg=PA120',
115 => 'https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195382075.001.0001/acref-9780195382075-e-1533',
116 => 'https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/congo-republic-of-the/',
117 => 'https://viaf.org/viaf/140807063',
118 => 'https://www.idref.fr/229819249',
119 => 'https://www.reuters.com/article/us-congo-president-idUSKBN0MN25N20150327',
120 => 'https://www.reuters.com/article/us-congo-opposition-idUSKCN0SO24720151030#6gUx7xJL8tLmw1OB.97',
121 => 'http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/',
122 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20150209003326/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI',
123 => 'http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2020.pdf',
124 => 'http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/international/countriesandterritories/congo/',
125 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140107004300/http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/international/countriesandterritories/congo/',
126 => 'https://ambacongofr.org/index.php/le-congo',
127 => 'https://mjp.univ-perp.fr/constit/cg2015.htm',
128 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20101222012727/http://www.presidence.cg/accueil/',
129 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20160313042001/http://mjp.univ-perp.fr/constit/cg2015.htm',
130 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20201215063955/http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2020.pdf',
131 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20200603040258/https://ambacongofr.org/index.php/le-congo',
132 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210109222956/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/congo-republic-of-the',
133 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210509074904/https://www.idref.fr/229819249',
134 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20170714082702/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2825.htm',
135 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210122130300/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195382075.001.0001/acref-9780195382075-e-1533',
136 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20190604183708/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2825.htm',
137 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20200801213039/https://books.google.com/books?id=15Qza8LQcFMC',
138 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210413223836/https://books.google.com/books?id=UGoEAQAAIAAJ',
139 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20190604183708/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2825.htm#people',
140 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210413223837/https://books.google.com/books?id=uwi-rv3VV6cC&pg=PA120',
141 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20081210080257/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-c/congo-republic-of-the.html',
142 => 'https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_General/WPP2022_GEN_F01_DEMOGRAPHIC_INDICATORS_COMPACT_REV1.xlsx',
143 => 'https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/congo-republic-of-the',
144 => 'http://www.thearda.com/internationalData/countries/Country_58_1.asp',
145 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20201022230535/https://thearda.com/internationalData/countries/Country_58_1.asp',
146 => 'http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/republic-of-the-congo#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2020®ion_name=All%20Countries&restrictions_year=2016',
147 => 'https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020NatCo..11.5978G',
148 => 'https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%2F9780195382075.001.0001',
149 => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7723057',
150 => 'https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41467-020-19493-3',
151 => 'https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2041-1723',
152 => 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33293507',
153 => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5451287',
154 => 'https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbiosci%2Fbix014',
155 => 'https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0006-3568',
156 => 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28608869',
157 => 'https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00704-007-0298-0',
158 => 'http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/regions/africa/111113/pygmy-pets-congo-pygmies-slavery-human-rights',
159 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20111114021904/http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/regions/africa/111113/pygmy-pets-congo-pygmies-slavery-human-rights',
160 => 'http://internationalreportingproject.org/stories/view/slaves-of-the-congo',
161 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140714221201/http://internationalreportingproject.org/stories/view/slaves-of-the-congo',
162 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20101124090322/http://www.iwgia.org/sw153.asp',
163 => 'http://www.iwgia.org/sw153.asp',
164 => 'https://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/africa/congo/cgland.htm',
165 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20200321044429/https://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/africa/congo/cgland.htm',
166 => 'https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80061151',
167 => 'https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Republic_of_the_Congo¶ms=1.44_S_15.556_E_type:country',
168 => 'https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Republic_of_the_Congo¶ms=4_16_S_15_17_E_type:city',
169 => 'https://www.npr.org/2007/04/28/9896339/a-visit-to-the-other-congo-the-forgotten-congo',
170 => 'https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJbtpMQ73yhkyfGmfWMF8C',
171 => 'https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=634,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1',
172 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20221010060035/http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/republic-of-the-congo#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2020®ion_name=All%20Countries&restrictions_year=2016',
173 => 'http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007548184005171',
174 => 'https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2021/apr/10/denis-sassou-nguesso-rules-like-an-emperor-while-congolese-die-from-extreme-poverty-congo-brazzaville',
175 => 'https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077',
176 => 'https://www.dw.com/en/sassou-nguesso-clings-to-power-in-congo-brazzaville/a-19127711',
177 => 'https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20210323-congo-brazzaville-s-sassou-nguesso-re-elected-with-more-than-88-of-vote-early-results-show',
178 => 'https://id.parliament.uk/jty8D92z'
] |
Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Country in Central Africa</div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033289096">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with the neighboring <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a>, which used the same name from 1960 to 1964.</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For entities with similar names, see <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Republic of the Congo (disambiguation)">Republic of the Congo (disambiguation)</a>.</div>
<p class="mw-empty-elt">
</p>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1218072481">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data div{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data div{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Republic of the Congo</div><div class="ib-country-names"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist">
<ul><li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">République du Congo</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>)</span></li>
<li><span title="Lingala-language text"><i lang="ln">Republíki ya Kongó</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Lingala_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Lingala language">Lingala</a>)</span></li>
<li><span title="Kituba (Congo)-language text"><i lang="mkw">Repubilika ya Kôngo</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Kituba_language" title="Kituba language">Kituba</a>)</span></li></ul>
</div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;">
<div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;">
<div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the Republic of Congo"><img alt="Flag of the Republic of Congo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/125px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/188px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/250px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div>
<div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Flag of the Republic of the Congo">Flag</a></div>
</div>
<div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;">
<div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of the Republic of Congo"><img alt="Coat of arms of the Republic of Congo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/85px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/128px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/170px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="490" /></a></span></div>
<div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Coat of arms of the Republic of the Congo">Coat of arms</a></div>
</div>
</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>Motto: </b><span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">"Unité, Travail, Progrès"</span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(French)</span><br />(English: <span lang="en">"Unity, Work, Progress"</span>)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem"><b>Anthem:</b> <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">"<a href="/wiki/La_Congolaise" title="La Congolaise">La Congolaise</a>"</span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(French)</span><br /><span title="Kongo-language text"><i lang="kg">Besi Kôngo</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Kongo_language" title="Kongo language">Kongo</a>)</span><br />(English: <span lang="en">"The Congolese"</span>)<div style="padding-top:0.5em;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="76" data-mwtitle="National_anthem_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.oga" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/National_anthem_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.oga" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/dc/National_anthem_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.oga/National_anthem_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.oga.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_anthem_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.oga&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English (en)" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_anthem_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.oga&lang=fr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="fr" label="français (fr)" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_anthem_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.oga&lang=kg&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="kg" label="Kongo (kg)" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Republic_of_the_Congo_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Republic_of_the_Congo_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/220px-Republic_of_the_Congo_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Republic_of_the_Congo_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/330px-Republic_of_the_Congo_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Republic_of_the_Congo_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/440px-Republic_of_the_Congo_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a></span><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none" data-switcher-default="">Show globe</span></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Location_Republic_of_the_Congo_AU_Africa.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Location_Republic_of_the_Congo_AU_Africa.svg/250px-Location_Republic_of_the_Congo_AU_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Location_Republic_of_the_Congo_AU_Africa.svg/375px-Location_Republic_of_the_Congo_AU_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Location_Republic_of_the_Congo_AU_Africa.svg/500px-Location_Republic_of_the_Congo_AU_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1300" /></a></span><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Africa</span></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital<div class="ib-country-largest">and largest city</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Brazzaville" title="Brazzaville">Brazzaville</a><br /><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion load-gadget" data-gadget="WikiMiniAtlas"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Republic_of_the_Congo&params=4_16_S_15_17_E_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">4°16′S</span> <span class="longitude">15°17′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">4.267°S 15.283°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-4.267; 15.283</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_French" title="African French">French</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Lingala_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Lingala language">Lingala</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kituba_language" title="Kituba language">Kituba</a><sup id="cite_ref-Digitheque_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Digitheque-1">[1]</a></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"> (2020)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="white-space:nowrap;">87.1% <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">8.0% <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">no religion</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">2.7% <a href="/wiki/African_Traditional_Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="African Traditional Religion">traditional faiths</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">1.2% <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">1.0% others</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="noautolink"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Demographics of the Republic of the Congo">Congolese</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">Unitary</a> <a href="/wiki/Semi-presidential_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-presidential system">semi-presidential</a> <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republic</a> under a <a href="/wiki/Dominant-party_system" title="Dominant-party system">dominant-party</a> <a href="/wiki/Authoritarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Authoritarian">authoritarian</a> state<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1218072481"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the Republic of the Congo">President</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Denis_Sassou_Nguesso" title="Denis Sassou Nguesso">Denis Sassou Nguesso</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_Republic_of_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of the Republic of Congo">Prime Minister</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Anatole_Collinet_Makosso" title="Anatole Collinet Makosso">Anatole Collinet Makosso</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">
</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Parliament of the Republic of the Congo">Parliament</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">Upper house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Senate_(Republic_of_the_Congo)" title="Senate (Republic of the Congo)">Senate</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">Lower house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Republic_of_the_Congo)" title="National Assembly (Republic of the Congo)">National Assembly</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Independence" title="Independence">Independence</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1218072481"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Republic established </div></th><td class="infobox-data">28 November 1958</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• from epsteins island </div></th><td class="infobox-data">20 April 2001</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">
</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">342,000 km<sup>2</sup> (132,000 sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">64th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Water (%)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">3.3</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2023 estimate</div></th><td class="infobox-data">5,677,493<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">116th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">17/km<sup>2</sup> (44.0/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">2023 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> $27.994 billion<sup id="cite_ref-IMFWEO.CG_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.CG-8">[8]</a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">150th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> $5,552<sup id="cite_ref-IMFWEO.CG_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.CG-8">[8]</a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">149th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">(nominal)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">2023 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> $14.407 billion<sup id="cite_ref-IMFWEO.CG_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.CG-8">[8]</a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">142nd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> $2,857<sup id="cite_ref-IMFWEO.CG_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.CG-8">[8]</a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">138th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">(2011)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">40.2<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup><br /><span class="nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1220487116">html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><span class="tmp-color" style="color:orange">medium</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">(2021)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.571<sup id="cite_ref-UNHDR_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNHDR-10">[10]</a></sup><br /><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1220487116"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:orange">medium</span></span> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">154th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Central_African_CFA_franc" title="Central African CFA franc">Central African CFA franc</a> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">XAF</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+1</span> (<a href="/wiki/West_Africa_Time" title="West Africa Time">WAT</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date format</th><td class="infobox-data">dd/mm/yyyy</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">Driving side</a></th><td class="infobox-data">right</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Calling code</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/%2B242" class="mw-redirect" title="+242">+242</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/.cg" title=".cg">.cg</a></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>The <b>Republic of the Congo</b><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[a]</a></sup> is a country located on the western coast of <a href="/wiki/Central_Africa" title="Central Africa">Central Africa</a> to the west of the <a href="/wiki/Congo_River" title="Congo River">Congo River</a>. It is bordered to the west by <a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a>, to the northwest by <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a>, to the northeast by the <a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a>, to the southeast by the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a>, to the south by the <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angolan</a> <a href="/wiki/Exclave" class="mw-redirect" title="Exclave">exclave</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cabinda_Province" title="Cabinda Province">Cabinda</a>, and to the southwest by the Atlantic Ocean.
</p><p>The region was dominated by <a href="/wiki/Bantu_peoples" title="Bantu peoples">Bantu</a>-speaking tribes at least 3,000 years ago, who built trade links leading into the <a href="/wiki/Congo_River" title="Congo River">Congo River</a> basin. Congo was formerly part of the <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French colony</a> of <a href="/wiki/French_Equatorial_Africa" title="French Equatorial Africa">Equatorial Africa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA-14">[13]</a></sup> The Republic of the Congo was established on 28 November 1958 and gained independence from France in 1960. It was a <a href="/wiki/Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist–Leninist state">Marxist–Leninist state</a> from 1969 to 1992, under the name <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="People's Republic of the Congo">People's Republic of the Congo</a>. The country has had multi-party elections since 1992, but a democratically elected government was ousted in the 1997 <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo_Civil_War_(1997%E2%80%9399)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of the Congo Civil War (1997–99)">Republic of the Congo Civil War</a>. President <a href="/wiki/Denis_Sassou_Nguesso" title="Denis Sassou Nguesso">Denis Sassou Nguesso</a>, who first came to power in 1979, ruled until 1992 and then again since after his reinstatement.
</p><p>The Republic of the Congo is a member of the <a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, <a href="/wiki/La_Francophonie" class="mw-redirect" title="La Francophonie">La Francophonie</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Economic_Community_of_Central_African_States" title="Economic Community of Central African States">Economic Community of Central African States</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a>. It has become the 4th-largest <a href="/wiki/Oil_producer" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil producer">oil producer</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Guinea" title="Gulf of Guinea">Gulf of Guinea</a>, providing the country with a degree of prosperity, with political and economic instability in some areas, and unequal distribution of oil revenue nationwide. <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Economy of the Republic of the Congo">Its economy</a> is dependent on the oil sector,<sup id="cite_ref-2018_nzaou_kongo_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2018_nzaou_kongo-15">[14]</a></sup> and economic growth has slowed since <a href="/wiki/2010s_oil_glut" title="2010s oil glut">the post-2015 drop in oil prices</a>. <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> is the most widely professed faith in the country.
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Etymology"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Etymology</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Government"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Government</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Administrative_divisions"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Administrative divisions</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Human_rights"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Human rights</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Geography"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Geography</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Wildlife"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Wildlife</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Economy"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Economy</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Demographics"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Demographics</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Health"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Health</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Education"><span class="tocnumber">6.2</span> <span class="toctext">Education</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Culture"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Culture</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Media"><span class="tocnumber">7.1</span> <span class="toctext">Media</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Etymology">Etymology</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Congo_River" title="Congo River">Congo River</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kongo_people" title="Kongo people">Kongo people</a></div>
<p>It is named after the <a href="/wiki/Congo_River" title="Congo River">Congo River</a> whose name is derived from <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kongo" title="Kingdom of Kongo">Kongo</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Bantu_peoples" title="Bantu peoples">Bantu</a> kingdom which occupied its mouth around the time the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Portuguese</a> first arrived in 1483<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a></sup> or 1484.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a></sup> The kingdom's name derived from its people, the <a href="/wiki/Bakongo" class="mw-redirect" title="Bakongo">Bakongo</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Endonym_and_exonym" title="Endonym and exonym">endonym</a> said to mean "hunters" (<a href="/wiki/Kongo_language" title="Kongo language">Kongo</a>: <i lang="kg">mukongo</i>, <i>nkongo</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a></sup>
</p><p>During the period when it was colonized by France, it was known as the <i><a href="/wiki/French_Congo" title="French Congo">French Congo</a></i> or <i>Middle Congo</i>. To distinguish it from the neighboring <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a>, it is sometimes referred to as <i>Congo (Brazzaville)</i>, <i>Congo-Brazzaville</i>, or <i>Little Congo</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-little_congo_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-little_congo-19">[18]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Brazzaville" title="Brazzaville">Brazzaville</a> derives from the colony's founder, <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Savorgnan_de_Brazza" title="Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza">Pierre Savorgnan de Brazzà</a>, an Italian nobleman whose title referred to the town of Brazzacco, in the <a href="/wiki/Comune" title="Comune">comune</a> of <a href="/wiki/Moruzzo" title="Moruzzo">Moruzzo</a>, whose name derived from the <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> <i>Brattius</i> or <i>Braccius</i>, both meaning "arm".<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="History of the Republic of the Congo">History of the Republic of the Congo</a></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Loango_slavery_harbour" title="Loango slavery harbour">Loango slavery harbour</a></div>
<p><a href="/wiki/Bantu_peoples" title="Bantu peoples">Bantu-speaking peoples</a> who founded tribes during the <a href="/wiki/Bantu_expansion" title="Bantu expansion">Bantu expansions</a> mostly displaced and absorbed the earlier inhabitants of the region, the <a href="/wiki/African_Pygmies" title="African Pygmies">Pygmy</a> people, about 1500<span class="nowrap"> </span>BC. The <a href="/wiki/Bakongo" class="mw-redirect" title="Bakongo">Bakongo</a>, a Bantu ethnic group that occupied parts of what later is Angola, Gabon, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo, formed the basis for ethnic affinities and rivalries among those countries. Some Bantu kingdoms—including those of the <a href="/wiki/Kongo_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Kongo Empire">Kongo</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Loango" title="Kingdom of Loango">Loango</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Anziku" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Anziku">Teke</a>—built trade links leading into the <a href="/wiki/Congo_Basin" title="Congo Basin">Congo Basin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-dos2009_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dos2009-21">[20]</a></sup>
</p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Portuguese</a> <a href="/wiki/Explorer" class="mw-redirect" title="Explorer">explorer</a> <a href="/wiki/Diogo_C%C3%A3o" title="Diogo Cão">Diogo Cão</a> reached the mouth of the Congo in 1484.<sup id="cite_ref-DicImp_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DicImp-22">[21]</a></sup> Commercial relationships grew between the inland Bantu kingdoms and European merchants who traded in commodities, manufactured goods, and people captured and enslaved in the <a href="/wiki/Hinterland" title="Hinterland">hinterlands</a>. After centuries as a central hub for transatlantic trade, direct European colonization of the Congo river delta began in the 19th century, subsequently eroding the power of the Bantu societies in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a></sup>
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Court_of_Loango.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Court_of_Loango.png/220px-Court_of_Loango.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Court_of_Loango.png/330px-Court_of_Loango.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Court_of_Loango.png/440px-Court_of_Loango.png 2x" data-file-width="1276" data-file-height="862" /></a><figcaption>The court of <a href="/wiki/N%27Gangue_M%27voumbe_Niambi" title="N'Gangue M'voumbe Niambi">N'Gangue M'voumbe Niambi</a>, from the book <i>Description of Africa</i> (1668)</figcaption></figure>
<p>The area north of the Congo River came under French sovereignty in 1880 as a result of <a href="/wiki/Pierre_de_Brazza" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre de Brazza">Pierre de Brazza</a>'s treaty with King Makoko<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a></sup> of the <a href="/wiki/Bateke" class="mw-redirect" title="Bateke">Bateke</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DicImp_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DicImp-22">[21]</a></sup> After the death of Makoko, his widow Queen <a href="/wiki/Ngalifourou" title="Ngalifourou">Ngalifourou</a> upheld the terms of the treaty and became an ally to the colonizers.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a></sup> This Congo Colony became known first as <a href="/wiki/French_Congo" title="French Congo">French Congo</a>, then as Middle Congo in 1903.
</p><p>In 1908, France organized <a href="/wiki/French_Equatorial_Africa" title="French Equatorial Africa">French Equatorial Africa</a> (AEF), comprising the Middle Congo, <a href="/wiki/French_Gabon" class="mw-redirect" title="French Gabon">Gabon</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_Chad" title="French Chad">Chad</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Oubangui-Chari" class="mw-redirect" title="Oubangui-Chari">Oubangui-Chari</a> (what later is <a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a>). The French designated <a href="/wiki/Brazzaville" title="Brazzaville">Brazzaville</a> as the federal capital. Economic development during the first 50 years of colonial rule in Congo centered on natural-resource extraction. Construction of the <a href="/wiki/Congo%E2%80%93Ocean_Railway" title="Congo–Ocean Railway">Congo–Ocean Railway</a> following <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> has been estimated to have cost at least 14,000 lives.<sup id="cite_ref-DicImp_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DicImp-22">[21]</a></sup>
</p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_occupation_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi occupation of France">Nazi occupation of France</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, Brazzaville functioned as the symbolic capital of <a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France">Free France</a> between 1940 and 1943.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Brazzaville_Conference_of_1944" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazzaville Conference of 1944">Brazzaville Conference of 1944</a> heralded a period of reform in French colonial policy. Congo "benefited" from the postwar expansion of colonial administrative and infrastructure spending as a result of its central geographic location within AEF and the federal capital at Brazzaville.<sup id="cite_ref-dos2009_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dos2009-21">[20]</a></sup> It had a local legislature after the adoption of the 1946 constitution that established the <a href="/wiki/French_Fourth_Republic" title="French Fourth Republic">Fourth Republic</a>.
</p><p>Following the revision of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_France" title="Constitution of France">French constitution</a> that established the <a href="/wiki/French_Fifth_Republic" title="French Fifth Republic">Fifth Republic</a> in 1958, AEF dissolved into its constituent parts, each of which became an autonomous colony within the <a href="/wiki/French_Community" title="French Community">French Community</a>. During these reforms, Middle Congo became known as the Republic of the Congo in 1958<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a></sup> and published its first constitution in 1959.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a></sup> Antagonism between the <a href="/wiki/Mbochi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mbochi">Mbochis</a> (who favored <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Opangault" title="Jacques Opangault">Jacques Opangault</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Lari_people_(Congo)" title="Lari people (Congo)">Laris</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kongo_people" title="Kongo people">Kongos</a> (who favored <a href="/wiki/Fulbert_Youlou" title="Fulbert Youlou">Fulbert Youlou</a>, the first black mayor elected in French Equatorial Africa) resulted in a series of riots in Brazzaville in February 1959, which the <a href="/wiki/French_Army" title="French Army">French Army</a> subdued.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a></sup>
</p><p>Elections took place in April 1959. By the time the Congo became independent in August 1960, Opangault, the former opponent of Youlou, agreed to serve under him. Youlou, an avid anti-communist, became the first President of the Republic of the Congo.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a></sup> Since the political tension was so high in <a href="/wiki/Pointe-Noire" title="Pointe-Noire">Pointe-Noire</a>, Youlou moved the capital to Brazzaville.
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alphonse_Massamba-Debat.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Alphonse_Massamba-Debat.png/170px-Alphonse_Massamba-Debat.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/Alphonse_Massamba-Debat.png 1.5x" data-file-width="212" data-file-height="286" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Alphonse_Massamba-D%C3%A9bat" title="Alphonse Massamba-Débat">Alphonse Massamba-Débat</a>'s 1-party rule (1963–1968) attempted to implement a <a href="/wiki/Political_economy" title="Political economy">political economic</a> strategy of "<a href="/wiki/Scientific_socialism" title="Scientific socialism">scientific socialism</a>".</figcaption></figure>
<p>The Republic of the Congo became fully independent from France on 15 August 1960. Youlou ruled as the country's first president until labor elements and rival political parties instigated a <a href="/wiki/Trois_Glorieuses_(1963)" title="Trois Glorieuses (1963)">3-day uprising</a> that ousted him.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a></sup> The Congolese military took over the country and installed a civilian provisional government headed by <a href="/wiki/Alphonse_Massamba-D%C3%A9bat" title="Alphonse Massamba-Débat">Alphonse Massamba-Débat</a>.
</p><p>Under the 1963 constitution, Massamba-Débat was elected president for a five-year term.<sup id="cite_ref-dos2009_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dos2009-21">[20]</a></sup> During <a href="/wiki/Alphonse_Massamba-D%C3%A9bat#Congo_under_Massamba-Débat_(1963-1968)" title="Alphonse Massamba-Débat">Massamba-Débat's term in office</a>, the regime adopted "<a href="/wiki/Scientific_socialism" title="Scientific socialism">scientific socialism</a>" as the country's constitutional ideology.<sup id="cite_ref-shillington301_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shillington301-32">[31]</a></sup> In 1964, Congo sent an official team with a single athlete at the <a href="/wiki/1964_Summer_Olympics" title="1964 Summer Olympics">Olympic Games</a> for the first time in its history. In 1965, Congo established relations with the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, the <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">People's Republic of China</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a>, and <a href="/wiki/North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam">North Vietnam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-shillington301_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shillington301-32">[31]</a></sup> On the economic and social level, Massamba-Débat led a healthy and rigorous management. Under his presidency, the Congo began to <a href="/wiki/Industrialize" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrialize">industrialize</a> and the standard of living of the Congolese improved. Some large production units with large workforces were built: the textile factory of Kinsoundi, the palm groves of Etoumbi, the match factory of <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9tou" title="Bétou">Bétou</a>, the shipyards of Yoro, etc. Health centers were created as well as school groups (colleges and elementary school). The country's school enrollment rate became the highest in Black Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a></sup> At the same time, Brazzaville became a center for left-wing exiles from all over Central Africa. On the night of February 14 to 15, 1965, 3 public officials of the Republic of the Congo were kidnapped: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lazare_Matsocota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lazare Matsocota (page does not exist)">Lazare Matsocota</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazare_Matsocota" class="extiw" title="fr:Lazare Matsocota">fr</a>]</span> (prosecutor of the Republic), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Pouabou&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph Pouabou (page does not exist)">Joseph Pouabou</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Pouabou" class="extiw" title="fr:Joseph Pouabou">fr</a>]</span> (President of the Supreme Court), and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anselme_Massou%C3%A9m%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anselme Massouémé (page does not exist)">Anselme Massouémé</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anselme_Massou%C3%A9m%C3%A9" class="extiw" title="fr:Anselme Massouémé">fr</a>]</span> (director of the Congolese Information Agency). The bodies of 2 of these men were later found, mutilated, by the <a href="/wiki/Congo_River" title="Congo River">Congo River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a></sup> Massamba-Débat's regime invited some hundred <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuban</a> army troops into the country to train his party's militia units. These troops helped his government survive a <a href="/wiki/1966_Republic_of_the_Congo_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1966 Republic of the Congo coup d'état attempt"><i>coup d'état</i> in 1966</a> led by paratroopers loyal to future President <a href="/wiki/Marien_Ngouabi" title="Marien Ngouabi">Marien Ngouabi</a>. Massamba-Débat was unable to reconcile institutional, tribal, and ideological factions within the country<sup id="cite_ref-shillington301_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shillington301-32">[31]</a></sup> and his regime ended with a bloodless <a href="/wiki/1968_Republic_of_the_Congo_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1968 Republic of the Congo coup d'état"><i>coup</i> in September 1968</a>.
</p><p>Marien Ngouabi, who had participated in the coup, assumed the presidency on 31 December 1968. One year later, Ngouabi proclaimed the Congo Africa's first "people's republic", the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="People's Republic of the Congo">People's Republic of the Congo</a>, and announced the decision of the National Revolutionary Movement to change its name to the <a href="/wiki/Congolese_Party_of_Labour" title="Congolese Party of Labour">Congolese Labour Party</a> (PCT). He survived an <a href="/wiki/1972_Republic_of_the_Congo_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1972 Republic of the Congo coup d'état attempt">attempted <i>coup</i> in 1972</a> and was assassinated on 18 March<span class="nowrap"> </span>1977.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a></sup> An 11-member Military Committee of the Party (CMP) was then named to head an interim government, with <a href="/wiki/Joachim_Yhombi-Opango" title="Joachim Yhombi-Opango">Joachim Yhombi-Opango</a> serving as president. Two years later, Yhombi-Opango was forced from power, and <a href="/wiki/Denis_Sassou_Nguesso" title="Denis Sassou Nguesso">Denis Sassou Nguesso</a> became the new president.<sup id="cite_ref-dos2009_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dos2009-21">[20]</a></sup>
</p><p>Sassou Nguesso aligned the country with the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a> and signed a 20-year friendship pact with the Soviet Union. Over the years, Sassou had to rely more on <a href="/wiki/Political_repression" title="Political repression">political repression</a> and less on <a href="/wiki/Patronage" title="Patronage">patronage</a> to maintain his dictatorship.<sup id="cite_ref-shillington302_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shillington302-37">[36]</a></sup> The collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 resulted in the ending of Soviet aid to prop up the regime, and it abdicated power.
</p><p><a href="/wiki/Pascal_Lissouba" title="Pascal Lissouba">Pascal Lissouba</a> who became Congo's first elected president (1992–1997) during the period of multi-party democracy attempted to implement economic reforms with IMF backing to liberalize the economy. In the years 1993 and 1994 the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo_Civil_War_(1993%E2%80%931994)" title="Republic of the Congo Civil War (1993–1994)">first Congo Civil War in Congo</a> occurred. In June 1996, IMF approved a 3-year <a href="/wiki/Special_drawing_rights" title="Special drawing rights">SDR</a>69.5m (US$100m) enhanced structural adjustment facility (ESAF) and was on the verge of announcing a renewed annual agreement when civil war broke out in Congo in 1997.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a></sup>
</p><p>Congo's democratic progress was derailed in 1997 when Lissouba and Sassou started to fight for power in the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo_Civil_War_(1997-99)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of the Congo Civil War (1997-99)">civil war</a>. As presidential elections scheduled for July 1997 approached, tensions between the Lissouba and Sassou camps mounted. On 5 June, President Lissouba's government forces surrounded Sassou's compound in Brazzaville, and Sassou ordered members of his private militia (known as "Cobras") to resist. Thus began a 4-month conflict that destroyed or damaged some of Brazzaville and caused tens of thousands of civilian deaths. In October, the Angolan government began an invasion of Congo to install Sassou in power and the Lissouba government fell. After that, Sassou declared himself president.<sup id="cite_ref-dos2009_21-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dos2009-21">[20]</a></sup>
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pro-constitutional_reform_demonstration_in_Brazzaville_-_2015-10_(21518932913).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Pro-constitutional_reform_demonstration_in_Brazzaville_-_2015-10_%2821518932913%29.jpg/220px-Pro-constitutional_reform_demonstration_in_Brazzaville_-_2015-10_%2821518932913%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Pro-constitutional_reform_demonstration_in_Brazzaville_-_2015-10_%2821518932913%29.jpg/330px-Pro-constitutional_reform_demonstration_in_Brazzaville_-_2015-10_%2821518932913%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Pro-constitutional_reform_demonstration_in_Brazzaville_-_2015-10_%2821518932913%29.jpg/440px-Pro-constitutional_reform_demonstration_in_Brazzaville_-_2015-10_%2821518932913%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1599" data-file-height="899" /></a><figcaption>A pro-constitutional reform rally in Brazzaville during October 2015. The constitution's reforms were subsequently approved in a disputed election which saw demonstrations and violence.</figcaption></figure>
<p>In the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo_presidential_election,_2002" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of the Congo presidential election, 2002">elections in 2002</a>, Sassou won with almost 90% of the vote cast. His 2 main rivals, Lissouba and Bernard Kolelas, were prevented from competing. A remaining rival, <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Milongo" title="André Milongo">André Milongo</a> advised his supporters to boycott the elections and then withdrew from the race.<sup id="cite_ref-freedomhouse_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-freedomhouse-39">[38]</a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Constitution" title="Constitution">constitution</a>, agreed upon by <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo_constitutional_referendum,_2002" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of the Congo constitutional referendum, 2002">referendum in January 2002</a>, granted the president new powers, extended his term to 7 years and introduced a new bicameral assembly. International observers took issue with the organization of the presidential election and the constitutional referendum, both of which were reminiscent in their organization of Congo's era of the 1-party state.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a></sup> Following the presidential elections, fighting restarted in the <a href="/wiki/Pool_Department" title="Pool Department">Pool region</a> between government forces and rebels led by <a href="/wiki/Pastor_Ntumi" class="mw-redirect" title="Pastor Ntumi">Pastor Ntumi</a>; a peace treaty to end the conflict was signed in April 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a></sup>
</p><p>Sassou won the following <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo_presidential_election,_2009" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of the Congo presidential election, 2009">presidential election in July 2009</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a></sup> According to the Congolese Observatory of Human Rights, a non-governmental organization, the election was marked by "very low" turnout and "fraud and irregularities".<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a></sup> In March 2015, Sassou announced that he wanted to run for yet another term in office and a <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo_constitutional_referendum,_2015" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of the Congo constitutional referendum, 2015">constitutional referendum</a> in October resulted in a <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Constitution of the Republic of the Congo">changed constitution</a> that allowed him to run during the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo_presidential_election,_2016" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of the Congo presidential election, 2016">2016 presidential election</a>. He won the election believed by some to be fraudulent. After violent protests in the capital, Sassou attacked the Pool region where the <a href="/wiki/Ninja_(militia)" title="Ninja (militia)">Ninja rebels</a> of the civil war used to be based, in what was believed to be a distraction. This led to a revival of the Ninja rebels who launched attacks against the army in April 2016, leading 80,000 people to flee their homes. A ceasefire deal was signed in December 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 2023, the <a href="/wiki/Odzala_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Odzala National Park">Forest Massif of Odzala-Kokoua</a>, for its savanna ecosystems and post-glacial recolonisation of forests, was listed as a natural <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a>.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Government">Government</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Politics of the Republic of the Congo">Politics of the Republic of the Congo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Cabinet of the Republic of the Congo">Cabinet of the Republic of the Congo</a></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Constitution of the Republic of the Congo">Constitution of the Republic of the Congo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Foreign relations of the Republic of the Congo">Foreign relations of the Republic of the Congo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Biens_mal_acquis" title="Biens mal acquis">Biens mal acquis</a></div>
<p>The government of the Republic is a <a href="/wiki/Semi-presidential_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-presidential system">semi-presidential system</a> with an elected president who appoints the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Cabinet of the Republic of the Congo">Council of Ministers, or Cabinet</a>. The council, including the Prime Minister, is selected from the elected representatives in Parliament. Since the 1990s, the country has had a <a href="/wiki/Multi-party_system" title="Multi-party system">multi-party political system</a> which is dominated by President <a href="/wiki/Denis_Sassou_Nguesso" title="Denis Sassou Nguesso">Denis Sassou Nguesso</a>. Sassou Nguesso is backed by his own <a href="/wiki/Congolese_Labour_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Congolese Labour Party">Congolese Labour Party</a> (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Parti Congolais du Travail</i>) as well as a range of smaller parties.
</p><p>Sassou's regime has seen <a href="/wiki/Political_corruption" title="Political corruption">corruption</a> revelations, with attempts to censor them. One French investigation found over 110 bank accounts and dozens of "lavish properties" in France.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a></sup> Sassou denounced embezzlement investigations as "racist" and "colonial".<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a></sup> Denis Christel Sassou-Nguesso, son of Denis Sassou Nguesso, has been named in association with the <a href="/wiki/Panama_Papers" title="Panama Papers">Panama Papers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a></sup>
</p><p>On 27 March 2015, Sassou Nguesso announced that his government would hold a referendum on changing the country's 2002 constitution to allow him to run for a third consecutive term in office.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a></sup> On 25 October, the government held a referendum on allowing Sassou Nguesso to run in the next election. The government claimed that the proposal was approved by 92% of voters, with 72% of eligible voters participating. The opposition who boycotted the referendum said that the government's statistics were false and the vote was a fake one.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a></sup> The election raised questions and was accompanied by civil unrest and police shootings of protesters;<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a></sup> at least 18 people were killed by security forces during opposition rallies leading up to the referendum held in October.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Administrative divisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Congo_regions_named.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Congo_regions_named.png/260px-Congo_regions_named.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0c/Congo_regions_named.png 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="337" /></a><figcaption>Map of the Republic of the Congo exhibiting its 12 departments</figcaption></figure>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Departments_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Departments of the Republic of the Congo">Departments of the Republic of the Congo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Communes_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Communes of the Republic of the Congo">Communes of the Republic of the Congo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Districts of the Republic of the Congo">Districts of the Republic of the Congo</a></div>
<p>It is divided into 12 <a href="/wiki/Departments_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Departments of the Republic of the Congo"><i>départements</i></a> (departments). Departments are divided into communes and districts.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a></sup>
These are:
</p>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 10em;">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bouenza_Department" title="Bouenza Department">Bouenza</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Brazzaville" title="Brazzaville">Brazzaville</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cuvette_Department" title="Cuvette Department">Cuvette</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cuvette-Ouest_Department" title="Cuvette-Ouest Department">Cuvette-Ouest</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kouilou_Department" title="Kouilou Department">Kouilou</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9koumou_Department" title="Lékoumou Department">Lékoumou</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Likouala_Department" title="Likouala Department">Likouala</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Niari_Department" title="Niari Department">Niari</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Plateaux_Department_(Republic_of_the_Congo)" title="Plateaux Department (Republic of the Congo)">Plateaux</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pointe-Noire" title="Pointe-Noire">Pointe-Noire</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pool_Department" title="Pool Department">Pool</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sangha_Department_(Republic_of_the_Congo)" title="Sangha Department (Republic of the Congo)">Sangha</a></li></ul></div>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Human_rights">Human rights</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Human rights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Human rights in the Republic of the Congo">Human rights in the Republic of the Congo</a> and <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="LGBT rights in the Republic of the Congo">LGBT rights in the Republic of the Congo</a></div>
<p>Some <a href="/wiki/Pygmies" class="mw-redirect" title="Pygmies">Pygmies</a> belong from birth to <a href="/wiki/Bantu_peoples" title="Bantu peoples">Bantus</a> in a relationship some refer to as slavery.<sup id="cite_ref-globalpost_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-globalpost-54">[53]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-internationalreportingproject_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-internationalreportingproject-55">[54]</a></sup> The Congolese Human Rights Observatory says that the Pygmies are treated as property in the same way as pets.<sup id="cite_ref-globalpost_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-globalpost-54">[53]</a></sup> On 30 December 2010, the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Parliament of the Republic of the Congo">Congolese parliament</a> adopted a law to promote and protect the rights of indigenous peoples.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (October 2019)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This law is "the first" of its kind in Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The text near this tag is dated. (October 2019)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Geography">Geography</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Geography of the Republic of the Congo">Geography of the Republic of the Congo</a></div>
<p>Natural landscapes range from the <a href="/wiki/Savanna" title="Savanna">savanna</a> plains in the North Niari flooded forests, to the Congo River, to the rugged mountains and forests of <a href="/wiki/Mayombe" title="Mayombe">Mayombe</a>, and 170 km of beaches along the Atlantic coast.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a></sup>
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:StatisticalData_1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/StatisticalData_1.svg/220px-StatisticalData_1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/StatisticalData_1.svg/330px-StatisticalData_1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/StatisticalData_1.svg/440px-StatisticalData_1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1179" /></a><figcaption>Climate diagram for <a href="/wiki/Brazzaville" title="Brazzaville">Brazzaville</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>Congo is located in the central-western part of <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">sub-Saharan Africa</a>, along the <a href="/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">Equator</a>, lying between latitudes <a href="/wiki/4th_parallel_north" title="4th parallel north">4°N</a> and <a href="/wiki/5th_parallel_south" title="5th parallel south">5°S</a>, and longitudes <a href="/wiki/11th_meridian_east" title="11th meridian east">11°</a> and <a href="/wiki/19th_meridian_east" title="19th meridian east">19°E</a>. To the south and east of it is the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a>. It is bounded by <a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a> to the west, <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a> to the north, and <a href="/wiki/Cabinda_(province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabinda (province)">Cabinda</a> (<a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a>) to the southwest. It has a coast on the Atlantic Ocean.
</p><p>The southwest is a coastal plain for which the primary drainage is the <a href="/wiki/Kouilou-Niari_River" title="Kouilou-Niari River">Kouilou-Niari River</a>; the interior of the country consists of a central plateau between 2 basins to the south and north. Forests are under increasing exploitation pressure.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a></sup> Congo had a 2018 <a href="/wiki/Forest_Landscape_Integrity_Index" title="Forest Landscape Integrity Index">Forest Landscape Integrity Index</a> mean score of 8.89/10, ranking it 12th globally out of 172 countries.<sup id="cite_ref-FLII-Supplementary_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FLII-Supplementary-59">[58]</a></sup>
</p><p>Congo lies within 4 terrestrial ecoregions: <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Equatorial_coastal_forests" title="Atlantic Equatorial coastal forests">Atlantic Equatorial coastal forests</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Congolian_lowland_forests" title="Northwestern Congolian lowland forests">Northwestern Congolian lowland forests</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Congolian_swamp_forests" title="Western Congolian swamp forests">Western Congolian swamp forests</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Western_Congolian_forest%E2%80%93savanna_mosaic" title="Western Congolian forest–savanna mosaic">Western Congolian forest–savanna mosaic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DinersteinOlson2017_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DinersteinOlson2017-60">[59]</a></sup> Since the country is located on the Equator, the climate is more consistent year-round, with the average day temperature a humid 24 °C (75 °F) and nights generally between 16 °C (61 °F) and 21 °C (70 °F). The average yearly rainfall ranges from 1,100 millimetres (43 in) in the <a href="/wiki/Niari_Valley" title="Niari Valley">Niari Valley</a> in the south to over 2,000 millimetres (79 in) in central parts. The dry season is from June to August, while in the majority of the country, the wet season has 2 rainfall maxima: 1 in March–May and another in September–November.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 2006–07, researchers from the <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_Conservation_Society" title="Wildlife Conservation Society">Wildlife Conservation Society</a> studied gorillas in "heavily forested" regions centered on the <a href="/wiki/Ouesso_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Ouesso District">Ouesso District</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Sangha_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangha Region">Sangha Region</a>. They suggest a population on the order of 125,000 <a href="/wiki/Western_lowland_gorilla" title="Western lowland gorilla">western lowland gorillas</a> whose isolation from humans has been mostly preserved by "inhospitable" swamps.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Wildlife">Wildlife</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Wildlife"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Wildlife of the Republic of the Congo">Wildlife of the Republic of the Congo</a></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Economy">Economy</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Economy of the Republic of the Congo">Economy of the Republic of the Congo</a></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbon_exploration" title="Hydrocarbon exploration">Hydrocarbon exploration</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="List of companies of the Republic of the Congo">List of companies of the Republic of the Congo</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GDP_per_capita_development_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/GDP_per_capita_development_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/220px-GDP_per_capita_development_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/GDP_per_capita_development_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/330px-GDP_per_capita_development_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/GDP_per_capita_development_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/440px-GDP_per_capita_development_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>GDP per capita development, 1950 to 2018</figcaption></figure>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Republic_of_the_Congo_Product_Exports_(2019).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Republic_of_the_Congo_Product_Exports_%282019%29.svg/220px-Republic_of_the_Congo_Product_Exports_%282019%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Republic_of_the_Congo_Product_Exports_%282019%29.svg/330px-Republic_of_the_Congo_Product_Exports_%282019%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Republic_of_the_Congo_Product_Exports_%282019%29.svg/440px-Republic_of_the_Congo_Product_Exports_%282019%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="715" /></a><figcaption>A proportional representation of Republic of the Congo exports, 2019</figcaption></figure>
<p>The economy is a mixture of village agriculture and handicrafts, an industrial sector based mainly on <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">petroleum</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-eia_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eia-63">[62]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2018_nzaou_kongo_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2018_nzaou_kongo-15">[14]</a></sup> support services, and a government characterized by budget problems and "overstaffing". Petroleum extraction has supplanted <a href="/wiki/Forestry" title="Forestry">forestry</a> as the mainstay of the economy. In 2008, the oil sector accounted for 65% of the <a href="/wiki/GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="GDP">GDP</a>, 85% of government revenue, and 92% of exports.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a></sup> The country has untapped <a href="/wiki/Mining_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Mining in the Republic of the Congo">mineral</a> wealth.<sup id="cite_ref-2018_nzaou_kongo_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2018_nzaou_kongo-15">[14]</a></sup>
</p><p>In the 1980s, rising oil revenues enabled the government to finance larger-scale development projects. GDP grew an average of 5% annually. The government has mortgaged a portion of its petroleum earnings, contributing to a "shortage of revenues". On 12 January 1994, the devaluation of <a href="/wiki/CFA_franc" title="CFA franc">Franc Zone</a> currencies by 50% resulted in an inflation of 46% in 1994, and inflation has subsided since.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a></sup>
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jeunes_filles_apprenant_la_couture_-_Ecole_Sp%C3%A9ciale_de_Brazzaville.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Jeunes_filles_apprenant_la_couture_-_Ecole_Sp%C3%A9ciale_de_Brazzaville.jpg/220px-Jeunes_filles_apprenant_la_couture_-_Ecole_Sp%C3%A9ciale_de_Brazzaville.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Jeunes_filles_apprenant_la_couture_-_Ecole_Sp%C3%A9ciale_de_Brazzaville.jpg/330px-Jeunes_filles_apprenant_la_couture_-_Ecole_Sp%C3%A9ciale_de_Brazzaville.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Jeunes_filles_apprenant_la_couture_-_Ecole_Sp%C3%A9ciale_de_Brazzaville.jpg/440px-Jeunes_filles_apprenant_la_couture_-_Ecole_Sp%C3%A9ciale_de_Brazzaville.jpg 2x" data-file-width="566" data-file-height="341" /></a><figcaption>Women learning to sew, Brazzaville</figcaption></figure>
<p>Economic reform efforts continued with the support of international organizations, including the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> and the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a>. The reform program came to a halt in June 1997 when civil war erupted. When Sassou Nguesso returned to power in October 1997, he publicly expressed interest in moving forward on <a href="/wiki/Economic_reform" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic reform">economic reforms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Privatization" title="Privatization">privatization</a> and in renewing cooperation with international financial institutions. Economic progress was "badly hurt" by slumping oil prices and the resumption of armed conflict in December 1998, which "worsened" the republic's budget deficit.
</p><p>The administration presides over an "uneasy internal peace" and faces "difficult" economic problems of stimulating recovery and reducing poverty, with record-high oil prices since 2003. Natural gas and diamonds are other exports, while Congo was excluded from the <a href="/wiki/Kimberley_Process" class="mw-redirect" title="Kimberley Process">Kimberley Process</a> in 2004 amid allegations that most of its diamond exports were, in fact, being smuggled out of the neighboring <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a>; it was re-admitted to the group in 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a></sup>
</p><p>The Republic of the Congo has untapped base metal, gold, iron, and phosphate deposits.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a></sup> It is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Organization_for_the_Harmonization_of_Business_Law_in_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa">Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa</a> (OHADA).<sup id="cite_ref-ohada.com_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ohada.com-69">[68]</a></sup> The Congolese government signed an agreement in 2009 to lease 200,000 hectares of land to <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South African</a> farmers to reduce its dependence on imports.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a></sup>
</p><p>The GDP of the Republic of the Congo grew by 6% in 2014 and is expected to have grown by 7.5% in 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 2018, the Republic of the Congo joined the <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Petroleum_Exporting_Countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries">Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/wiki/Congo%E2%80%93Ocean_Railway" title="Congo–Ocean Railway">Congo–Ocean Railway</a> was <a href="/wiki/Congo%E2%80%93Ocean_Railway#History" title="Congo–Ocean Railway">built by forced laborers</a> during the 1930s. Some colonial architectural heritage is preserved. Restoration of architectural works is underway in Brazzaville, for example, at the Basilica of Sainte-Anne du Congo, which was completed in 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Demographics">Demographics</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Demographics of the Republic of the Congo">Demographics of the Republic of the Congo</a></div>
<div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px">
<div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)">
<div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 15915.284869129px; border-left-color:black"></div>
<div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:black"></div>
<div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:black"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 1057.8894993406px; border-left-color:Grey"></div>
<div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Grey"></div>
<div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Grey"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 344.20225766692px; border-left-color:MediumSeaGreen"></div>
<div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:MediumSeaGreen"></div>
<div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:MediumSeaGreen"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 219.63310880999px; border-left-color:Gold"></div>
<div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Gold"></div>
<div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Gold"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 113.42773492554px; border-left-color:DarkOrchid"></div>
<div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:DarkOrchid"></div>
<div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:DarkOrchid"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:18.120576362714px 98.344520499533px 0 0; border-top-color:Blue"></div>
<div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Blue"></div>
</div>
<div class="thumbcaption">
<p>Religion in the Republic of the Congo by the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Religion_Data_Archives" title="Association of Religion Data Archives">Association of Religion Data Archives</a> (2015)<sup id="cite_ref-ARDA_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ARDA-76">[75]</a></sup>
</p>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Blue; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> (52.9%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:DarkOrchid; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> and other Christian (35.6%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Gold; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_religions" title="Traditional African religions">Traditional African religions</a> (4.7%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:MediumSeaGreen; color:black;"> </span> Other religions (2.3%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Grey; color:black;"> </span> No religion (3.0%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:black; color:white;"> </span> Don't know (1.4%)</div>
</div>
</div></div>
<table class="wikitable" style="float: right; margin-left: 10px">
<caption>Population<sup id="cite_ref-UN_WPP_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP-77">[76]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UN_WPP_2022_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP_2022-78">[77]</a></sup>
</caption>
<tbody><tr>
<th>Year
</th>
<th>Million
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left;">1950</td>
<td style="text-align:right;">0.8
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left;">2000</td>
<td style="text-align:right;">3.2
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left;">2021</td>
<td style="text-align:right;">5.8
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>Its population is concentrated in the southwestern portion, leaving the areas of tropical <a href="/wiki/Jungle" title="Jungle">jungle</a> in the north virtually uninhabited. 70% of its total population lives in urban areas, namely in <a href="/wiki/Brazzaville" title="Brazzaville">Brazzaville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pointe-Noire" title="Pointe-Noire">Pointe-Noire</a>, or one of the cities or villages lining the 534-kilometre (332 mi), railway which connects the two cities. In rural areas, industrial and commercial activity has declined in some years, leaving rural economies dependent on the government for support and subsistence.<sup id="cite_ref-StateDept_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StateDept-79">[78]</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> recognizes 62 spoken languages in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Kongo_people" title="Kongo people">Kongo</a> are the largest ethnic group and form roughly half of the population. The most significant subgroups of the Kongo are <a href="/wiki/Lari_(ethnic_group)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lari (ethnic group)">Laari</a>, in Brazzaville and Pool regions,URM WHAT THE SIGMA and the <a href="/wiki/Vili_people" title="Vili people">Vili</a>, around Pointe-Noire and along the Atlantic coast. The second largest group is the <a href="/wiki/Bateke" class="mw-redirect" title="Bateke">Teke</a>, who live to the north of Brazzaville, with 16.9% of the population. <a href="/wiki/Mbochi_people" title="Mbochi people">Mbochi</a> live in the north, east and in Brazzaville and form 13.1% of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pygmies" class="mw-redirect" title="Pygmies">Pygmies</a> make up 2% of Congo's population.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a></sup>
</p><p>Before the 1997 war, about 9,000 Europeans and other non-Africans lived in Congo, most of whom were <a href="/wiki/French_people" title="French people">French</a>; a fraction of this number remains.<sup id="cite_ref-StateDept_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StateDept-79">[78]</a></sup> Around 300 <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">American</a> immigrants reside in the Congo.<sup id="cite_ref-StateDept_79-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StateDept-79">[78]</a></sup>
</p><p>According to CIA World Factbook, the people of the Republic of the Congo are largely a mix of <a href="/wiki/Catholics" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholics">Catholics</a> (33.1%), <a href="/wiki/Awakening_(Finnish_religious_movement)" title="Awakening (Finnish religious movement)">Awakening Lutherans</a> (22.3%), and other <a href="/wiki/Protestants" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestants">Protestants</a> (19.9%) as of 2007. Followers of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> make up 1.6%; this is primarily due to an influx of foreign workers into the urban centers.<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA-14">[13]</a></sup>
</p><p>According to a 2011–12 survey, the total fertility rate was 5.1 children born per woman, with 4.5 in urban areas and 6.5 in rural areas.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a></sup>
</p>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1219497266">.mw-parser-output .largestCities-table-background{background:#f9f9f9;color:#222}.mw-parser-output .largestCities-cell-background{background:#f0f0f0;color:#222}</style>
<div>
<table style="font-size:88%;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 100%; border: 1px solid darkgray;">
<tbody><tr>
<th colspan="10" style="padding:0.3em 0.75em;"><div style="float:right; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div><div style="float:left; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div> <div style="height:2.6em;line-height:1.3em;"><span style="font-size:110%;">Largest cities or towns in Republic of the Congo</span><br /><div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.citypopulation.de/Congo.html">City Population: CONGO (REP.)</a></div></div>
</th></tr>
<tr>
<th></th>
<th>Rank
</th>
<th>
</th>
<th><a href="/wiki/Departments_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Departments of the Republic of the Congo">Department</a>
</th>
<th>Pop.
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Brazzaville_bird_eye_view.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Brazzaville"><img alt="Brazzaville" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Brazzaville_bird_eye_view.jpg/120px-Brazzaville_bird_eye_view.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Brazzaville_bird_eye_view.jpg/180px-Brazzaville_bird_eye_view.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Brazzaville_bird_eye_view.jpg/240px-Brazzaville_bird_eye_view.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1914" data-file-height="939" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Brazzaville" title="Brazzaville">Brazzaville</a><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pointe-Noire_downtown.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pointe-Noire"><img alt="Pointe-Noire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Pointe-Noire_downtown.jpg/120px-Pointe-Noire_downtown.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Pointe-Noire_downtown.jpg/180px-Pointe-Noire_downtown.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Pointe-Noire_downtown.jpg/240px-Pointe-Noire_downtown.jpg 2x" data-file-width="803" data-file-height="550" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Pointe-Noire" title="Pointe-Noire">Pointe-Noire</a>
</td>
<td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">1</td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Brazzaville" title="Brazzaville">Brazzaville</a></td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Brazzaville_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazzaville Department">Brazzaville</a></td>
<td style="text-align:right;">1,373,382
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">2</td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Pointe-Noire" title="Pointe-Noire">Pointe-Noire</a></td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Pointe-Noire_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="Pointe-Noire Department">Pointe-Noire</a></td>
<td style="text-align:right;">715,334
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">3</td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Dolisie" title="Dolisie">Dolisie</a></td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Niari_Department" title="Niari Department">Niari</a></td>
<td style="text-align:right;">83,798
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">4</td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Nkayi,_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Nkayi, Republic of the Congo">Nkayi</a></td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bouenza" class="mw-redirect" title="Bouenza">Bouenza</a></td>
<td style="text-align:right;">71,620
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">5</td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Impfondo" title="Impfondo">Impfondo</a></td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Likouala_Department" title="Likouala Department">Likouala</a></td>
<td style="text-align:right;">33,911
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">6</td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ou%C3%A9sso" title="Ouésso">Ouésso</a></td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sangha_Department_(Republic_of_the_Congo)" title="Sangha Department (Republic of the Congo)">Sangha</a></td>
<td style="text-align:right;">28,179
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">7</td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Madingou" class="mw-redirect" title="Madingou">Madingou</a></td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bouenza_Department" title="Bouenza Department">Bouenza</a></td>
<td style="text-align:right;">25,713
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">8</td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Owando" title="Owando">Owando</a></td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Cuvette_Department" title="Cuvette Department">Cuvette</a></td>
<td style="text-align:right;">24,736
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">9</td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sibiti" title="Sibiti">Sibiti</a></td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9koumou_Department" title="Lékoumou Department">Lékoumou</a></td>
<td style="text-align:right;">22,951
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">10</td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Lout%C3%A9t%C3%A9" title="Loutété">Loutété</a></td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bouenza_Department" title="Bouenza Department">Bouenza</a></td>
<td style="text-align:right;">19,212
</td></tr>
</tbody></table></div>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Health">Health</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Health"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Health_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Health in the Republic of the Congo">Health in the Republic of the Congo</a></div>
<p>Public expenditure health was at 8.9% of the GDP in 2004 whereas private expenditure was at 1.3%.<sup id="cite_ref-hdrstats.undp.org_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hdrstats.undp.org-85">[84]</a></sup>
As of 2012<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS" title="HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS</a> prevalence was at 2.8% among 15- to 49-year-olds.<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA-14">[13]</a></sup> Health expenditure was at US$30 per capita in 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-hdrstats.undp.org_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hdrstats.undp.org-85">[84]</a></sup> A proportion of the population is undernourished,<sup id="cite_ref-hdrstats.undp.org_85-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hdrstats.undp.org-85">[84]</a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Malnutrition" title="Malnutrition">malnutrition</a> is a problem in Congo-Brazzaville.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a></sup> There were 20 physicians per 100,000 persons in the 2000s (decade).<sup id="cite_ref-hdrstats.undp.org_85-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hdrstats.undp.org-85">[84]</a></sup>
</p><p>As of 2010<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the <a href="/wiki/Maternal_mortality" class="mw-redirect" title="Maternal mortality">maternal mortality</a> rate was 560 deaths/100,000 live births, and the <a href="/wiki/Infant_mortality" title="Infant mortality">infant mortality</a> rate was 59.34 deaths/1,000 live births.<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA-14">[13]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation" title="Female genital mutilation">Female genital mutilation</a> (FGM) is confined to limited geographic areas.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Education">Education</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Education in the Republic of the Congo">Education in the Republic of the Congo</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SAINTE_RITA_CONG-BR2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/SAINTE_RITA_CONG-BR2.jpg/220px-SAINTE_RITA_CONG-BR2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/SAINTE_RITA_CONG-BR2.jpg/330px-SAINTE_RITA_CONG-BR2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/SAINTE_RITA_CONG-BR2.jpg/440px-SAINTE_RITA_CONG-BR2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="784" data-file-height="588" /></a><figcaption>School children in the classroom, Republic of the Congo</figcaption></figure>
<p>Public expenditure of the GDP was less in 2002–05 than in 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-hdrstats.undp.org_85-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hdrstats.undp.org-85">[84]</a></sup> Public education is theoretically free and mandatory for under-16-year-olds,<sup id="cite_ref-unhcr.org_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unhcr.org-88">[87]</a></sup> and in practice, expenses exist.<sup id="cite_ref-unhcr.org_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unhcr.org-88">[87]</a></sup> In 2005 net primary enrollment rate was 44%, a drop from 79% in 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-hdrstats.undp.org_85-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hdrstats.undp.org-85">[84]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Culture">Culture</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Culture of the Republic of the Congo">Culture of the Republic of the Congo</a></div>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Media">Media</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Mass media in the Republic of the Congo">Mass media in the Republic of the Congo</a></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214689105">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:solid #aaa 1px;padding:0.1em;background:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .portalbox{background:transparent}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .pane{background:transparent}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright">
<li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Portal:Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Africa" title="Portal:Africa">Africa portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_countries-vector.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/P_countries-vector.svg/31px-P_countries-vector.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/P_countries-vector.svg/47px-P_countries-vector.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/P_countries-vector.svg/62px-P_countries-vector.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Countries" title="Portal:Countries">Countries portal</a></span></li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Outline of the Republic of the Congo">Outline of the Republic of the Congo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Republic_of_the_Congo%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of Republic of the Congo–related articles">Index of Republic of the Congo–related articles</a></li></ul>
<div style="clear:both;" class=""></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1217336898">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha">
<div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">République du Congo</i>, <a href="/wiki/Lingala_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Lingala language">Lingala</a>: <i lang="ln">Republíki ya Kongó</i>.<br />Also known as <b>Congo-Brazzaville</b>, the <b>Congo Republic</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ambacongofr.org_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ambacongofr.org-12">[12]</a></sup> or simply either <b>Congo</b> or <b>the Congo</b>.</span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1217336898"><div class="reflist">
<div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-Digitheque-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Digitheque_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1215172403">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#2C882D;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mjp.univ-perp.fr/constit/cg2015.htm">"Constitution de 2015"</a>. <i>Digithèque matériaux juridiques et politiques, Jean-Pierre Maury, Université de Perpignan</i> (in French). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160313042001/http://mjp.univ-perp.fr/constit/cg2015.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 13 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Digith%C3%A8que+mat%C3%A9riaux+juridiques+et+politiques%2C+Jean-Pierre+Maury%2C+Universit%C3%A9+de+Perpignan&rft.atitle=Constitution+de+2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmjp.univ-perp.fr%2Fconstit%2Fcg2015.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221010060035/http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/republic-of-the-congo#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2020&region_name=All%20Countries&restrictions_year=2016">"Religions in Republic of the Congo | PEW-GRF"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/republic-of-the-congo#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2020&region_name=All%20Countries&restrictions_year=2016">the original</a> on 10 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Religions+in+Republic+of+the+Congo+%26%23124%3B+PEW-GRF&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalreligiousfutures.org%2Fcountries%2Frepublic-of-the-congo%23%2F%3Faffiliations_religion_id%3D0%26affiliations_year%3D2020%26region_name%3DAll%2520Countries%26restrictions_year%3D2016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFTampa2021" class="citation news cs1">Tampa, Vava (10 April 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2021/apr/10/denis-sassou-nguesso-rules-like-an-emperor-while-congolese-die-from-extreme-poverty-congo-brazzaville">"Sassou rules like an emperor while Congolese die from extreme poverty"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Sassou+rules+like+an+emperor+while+Congolese+die+from+extreme+poverty&rft.date=2021-04-10&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Tampa&rft.aufirst=Vava&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fglobal-development%2F2021%2Fapr%2F10%2Fdenis-sassou-nguesso-rules-like-an-emperor-while-congolese-die-from-extreme-poverty-congo-brazzaville&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/sassou-nguesso-clings-to-power-in-congo-brazzaville/a-19127711">"Elections in Congo-Brazzaville"</a>. <i>DW</i>. 18 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DW&rft.atitle=Elections+in+Congo-Brazzaville&rft.date=2016-03-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fsassou-nguesso-clings-to-power-in-congo-brazzaville%2Fa-19127711&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20210323-congo-brazzaville-s-sassou-nguesso-re-elected-with-more-than-88-of-vote-early-results-show">"Congo Brazzaville's Sassou Nguesso re-elected with more than 88% of vote, early results show"</a>. <i>France 24</i>. 23 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=France+24&rft.atitle=Congo+Brazzaville%27s+Sassou+Nguesso+re-elected+with+more+than+88%25+of+vote%2C+early+results+show&rft.date=2021-03-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Fen%2Fafrica%2F20210323-congo-brazzaville-s-sassou-nguesso-re-elected-with-more-than-88-of-vote-early-results-show&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFClark2008" class="citation book cs1">Clark, John Frank (2008). <i>The failure of democracy in the Republic of Congo</i>. Boulder (Colo.): L. Rienner. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58826-555-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58826-555-5"><bdi>978-1-58826-555-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+failure+of+democracy+in+the+Republic+of+Congo&rft.place=Boulder+%28Colo.%29&rft.pub=L.+Rienner&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-58826-555-5&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=John+Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/congo-republic-of-the">"Congo, Republic of the"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a></i> (2024 ed.). <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Congo%2C+Republic+of+the&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fcongo-republic-of-the&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-IMFWEO.CG-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.CG_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.CG_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.CG_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.CG_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=634,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1">"World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (Congo)"</a>. <i>IMF.org</i>. <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a>. 10 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMF.org&rft.atitle=World+Economic+Outlook+Database%2C+October+2023+Edition.+%28Congo%29&rft.date=2023-10-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fen%2FPublications%2FWEO%2Fweo-database%2F2023%2FOctober%2Fweo-report%3Fc%3D634%2C%26s%3DNGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC%2C%26sy%3D2020%26ey%3D2028%26ssm%3D0%26scsm%3D1%26scc%3D0%26ssd%3D1%26ssc%3D0%26sic%3D0%26sort%3Dcountry%26ds%3D.%26br%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/">"GINI index"</a>. World Bank. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150209003326/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI">Archived</a> from the original on 9 February 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GINI+index&rft.pub=World+Bank&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FSI.POV.GINI%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-UNHDR-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UNHDR_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2020.pdf"><i>Human Development Report 2020 The Next Frontier: Human Development and the Anthropocene</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. United Nations Development Programme. 15 December 2020. pp. 343–346. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-1-126442-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-1-126442-5"><bdi>978-92-1-126442-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201215063955/http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2020.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 15 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Human+Development+Report+2020+The+Next+Frontier%3A+Human+Development+and+the+Anthropocene&rft.pages=343-346&rft.pub=United+Nations+Development+Programme&rft.date=2020-12-15&rft.isbn=978-92-1-126442-5&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fhdr2020.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFSEWELL_CHAN,_MADELEINE_KRUHLYHANNAH_OLIVENNES2016" class="citation news cs1">SEWELL CHAN, MADELEINE KRUHLY & HANNAH OLIVENNES (12 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/international/countriesandterritories/congo/">"Congo Republic"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140107004300/http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/international/countriesandterritories/congo/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 January 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Congo+Republic&rft.date=2016-05-12&rft.au=SEWELL+CHAN%2C+MADELEINE+KRUHLY&rft.au=HANNAH+OLIVENNES&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftopics.nytimes.com%2Ftop%2Fnews%2Finternational%2Fcountriesandterritories%2Fcongo%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-ambacongofr.org-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ambacongofr.org_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ambacongofr.org/index.php/le-congo">"Le congo"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200603040258/https://ambacongofr.org/index.php/le-congo">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Le+congo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fambacongofr.org%2Findex.php%2Fle-congo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-CIA-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/congo-republic-of-the/">"Congo, Republic of the"</a>. CIA – The World Factbook. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210109222956/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/congo-republic-of-the">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Congo%2C+Republic+of+the&rft.pub=CIA+%E2%80%93+The+World+Factbook&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fcongo-republic-of-the%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2018_nzaou_kongo-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2018_nzaou_kongo_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2018_nzaou_kongo_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2018_nzaou_kongo_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFNzaou-Kongo2018" class="citation book cs1">Nzaou-Kongo, Aubin (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/229819249"><i>Exploitation des hydrocarbures et protection de l'environnement en République du Congo : essai sur la complexité de leurs rapports à la lumière du droit international</i></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210509074904/https://www.idref.fr/229819249">Archived</a> from the original on 9 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Exploitation+des+hydrocarbures+et+protection+de+l%27environnement+en+R%C3%A9publique+du+Congo+%3A+essai+sur+la+complexit%C3%A9+de+leurs+rapports+%C3%A0+la+lumi%C3%A8re+du+droit+international.&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Nzaou-Kongo&rft.aufirst=Aubin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.idref.fr%2F229819249&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gates, Louis & Appiah, Anthony. <i>Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience</i>, p. 1105. 1999.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Olson, James S. & Shadle, Robert. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uyqepNdgUWkC&pg=PA225">Historical Dictionary of European Imperialism</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160502165932/https://books.google.com/books?id=uyqepNdgUWkC&pg=PA225">Archived</a> 2 May 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>, p. 225. Greenwood Publishing Grp., 1991. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-26257-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-26257-8">0-313-26257-8</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bentley, Wm. Holman. <i>Pioneering on the Congo</i>. Fleming H. Revell Co., 1900.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag needs to be fact-checked with the cited source(s). (October 2011)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-little_congo-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-little_congo_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFGjelten2007" class="citation web cs1">Gjelten, Tom (28 April 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2007/04/28/9896339/a-visit-to-the-other-congo-the-forgotten-congo">"A Visit to the Other Congo, the Forgotten Congo"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=A+Visit+to+the+Other+Congo%2C+the+Forgotten+Congo&rft.date=2007-04-28&rft.aulast=Gjelten&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2007%2F04%2F28%2F9896339%2Fa-visit-to-the-other-congo-the-forgotten-congo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frau, Giovanni <i>Dizionario Toponomastico Friuli-Venezia Giulia</i>. Istituto per l'Enciclopedia del Friuli-Venezia Giulia, 1978.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-dos2009-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dos2009_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dos2009_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dos2009_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dos2009_21-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dos2009_21-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2825.htm">"Background Note: Republic of the Congo"</a>. Department of State. March 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170714082702/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2825.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 14 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Background+Note%3A+Republic+of+the+Congo&rft.pub=Department+of+State&rft.date=2009-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2009-2017.state.gov%2Fr%2Fpa%2Fei%2Fbgn%2F2825.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-DicImp-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DicImp_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DicImp_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DicImp_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Olson, James S. & Shadle, Robert. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uyqepNdgUWkC&pg=PA225">Historical Dictionary of European Imperialism</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160502165932/https://books.google.com/books?id=uyqepNdgUWkC&pg=PA225">Archived</a> 2 May 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>, p. 225. Greenwood Publishing Group, 1991. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-26257-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-26257-8">0-313-26257-8</a>. Accessed 9 October 2011.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boxer, C. R. <i>The Portuguese Seaborne Empire, 1415–1825</i>, A. A. Knopf, 1969, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0090979400" title="Special:BookSources/0090979400">0090979400</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/2752833.stm">"BBC NEWS – Africa – The man who would be Congo's king"</a>. 12 February 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161129212544/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/2752833.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=BBC+NEWS+%E2%80%93+Africa+%E2%80%93+The+man+who+would+be+Congo%27s+king&rft.date=2003-02-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fafrica%2F2752833.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFjeremy2012" class="citation cs2">jeremy, rich (2012), Akyeampong, Emmanuel K; Gates, Henry Louis (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195382075.001.0001/acref-9780195382075-e-1533">"Ngalifourou"</a>, <i>Dictionary of African Biography</i>, Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%2F9780195382075.001.0001">10.1093/acref/9780195382075.001.0001</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-538207-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-538207-5"><bdi>978-0-19-538207-5</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210122130300/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195382075.001.0001/acref-9780195382075-e-1533">archived</a> from the original on 22 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2021</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dictionary+of+African+Biography&rft.atitle=Ngalifourou&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780195382075.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-538207-5&rft.aulast=jeremy&rft.aufirst=rich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780195382075.001.0001%2Facref-9780195382075-e-1533&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">United States State Department. Office of the Historian. <i>A Guide to the United States' History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations, by Country, since 1776</i>. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.state.gov/countries/congo-republic">Republic of the Congo</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170512065606/https://history.state.gov/countries/congo-republic">Archived</a> 12 May 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". Accessed 9 October 2010.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">United States State Department. Bureau of African Affairs. <i>Background Notes</i>. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2825.htm">Republic of the Congo</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190604183708/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2825.htm">Archived</a> 4 June 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> ". Accessed 9 October 2011.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robbers, Gerhard (2007). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M3A-xgf1yM4C">Encyclopedia of World Constitutions</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160506124534/https://books.google.com/books?id=M3A-xgf1yM4C">Archived</a> 6 May 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>. Infobase Publishing. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8160-6078-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8160-6078-9">0-8160-6078-9</a>. Accessed 9 October 2011.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itnsource.com/shotlist//RTV/1959/02/27/BGY503110492/?s=evacuations">CONGO REPUBLIC: BRAZZAVILLE RIOTS AFTERMATH</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140505233442/http://www.itnsource.com/shotlist//RTV/1959/02/27/BGY503110492/?s=evacuations">Archived</a> 5 May 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Reuters (27 February 1959)</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopedia.com/people/history/african-history-biographies/fulbert-youlou">"Fulbert Youlou facts, information, pictures – Encyclopedia.com articles about Fulbert Youlou"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161128051046/http://www.encyclopedia.com/people/history/african-history-biographies/fulbert-youlou">Archived</a> from the original on 28 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fulbert+Youlou+facts%2C+information%2C+pictures+%E2%80%93+Encyclopedia.com+articles+about+Fulbert+Youlou&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Fpeople%2Fhistory%2Fafrican-history-biographies%2Ffulbert-youlou&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Alain_Mabanckou" title="Alain Mabanckou">Alain Mabanckou</a> "The Lights of Pointe-Noire" <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1620971901" title="Special:BookSources/978-1620971901">978-1620971901</a>. 2013. p.175</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-shillington301-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-shillington301_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-shillington301_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-shillington301_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFShillington,_Kevin2005" class="citation book cs1">Shillington, Kevin (2005). <i>Encyclopedia of African history</i>. CRC Press. p. 301. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1579582456" title="Special:BookSources/978-1579582456"><bdi>978-1579582456</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+African+history&rft.pages=301&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1579582456&rft.au=Shillington%2C+Kevin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John F. Clark, "Congo: Transition and the Struggle to Consolidate", in <i>Political Reform in Francophone Africa</i> (1997)</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bazenguissa-Ganga, Rémy. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=15Qza8LQcFMC">Les voies du politique au Congo: essai de sociologie historique</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200801213039/https://books.google.com/books?id=15Qza8LQcFMC">Archived</a> 1 August 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>. Paris: Karthala, 1997. p. 110</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UGoEAQAAIAAJ">Africa Research Bulletin</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210413223836/https://books.google.com/books?id=UGoEAQAAIAAJ">Archived</a> 13 April 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>. Oxford, England: Blackwell, 1965. p. 242</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Congo President Slain by Gunman— Military Group Takes Control, Radio Reports", <i>Los Angeles Times</i>, March 20, 1977, p. I-1</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-shillington302-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-shillington302_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFShillington,_Kevin2005" class="citation book cs1">Shillington, Kevin (2005). <i>Encyclopedia of African history</i>. CRC Press. p. 302. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1579582456" title="Special:BookSources/978-1579582456"><bdi>978-1579582456</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+African+history&rft.pages=302&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1579582456&rft.au=Shillington%2C+Kevin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://store.eiu.com/Product.aspx?pid=50000205&gid=1310000331&sid=735820073"><i>Country Report Congo-Brazzaville</i></a>. The Economist Intelligence Unit. 2003. p. 24. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131013100410/http://store.eiu.com/Product.aspx?pid=50000205&gid=1310000331&sid=735820073">Archived</a> from the original on 13 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Country+Report+Congo-Brazzaville&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=The+Economist+Intelligence+Unit&rft.date=2003&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstore.eiu.com%2FProduct.aspx%3Fpid%3D50000205%26gid%3D1310000331%26sid%3D735820073&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-freedomhouse-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-freedomhouse_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=22&year=2006&country=7093">"Congo, Republic of"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Freedom_House" title="Freedom House">Freedom House</a>. 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091015231843/http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=22&country=7093&year=2006">Archived</a> from the original on 15 October 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Congo%2C+Republic+of&rft.pub=Freedom+House&rft.date=2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.freedomhouse.org%2Ftemplate.cfm%3Fpage%3D22%26year%3D2006%26country%3D7093&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1779007.stm">"Congo approves new constitution"</a>. BBC. 24 January 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090930011021/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1779007.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 30 September 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Congo+approves+new+constitution&rft.date=2002-01-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fafrica%2F1779007.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/2859881.stm">"Congo peace deal signed"</a>. BBC. 18 March 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090930011034/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/2859881.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 30 September 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Congo+peace+deal+signed&rft.date=2003-03-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fafrica%2F2859881.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jqfjSxI0cOeNG4TITywUuuQMNTGA">"17 candidates in Congo presidential race: commission"</a>. AFP. 13 June 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110312165149/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jqfjSxI0cOeNG4TITywUuuQMNTGA">Archived</a> from the original on 12 March 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=17+candidates+in+Congo+presidential+race%3A+commission&rft.date=2009-06-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fhostednews%2Fafp%2Farticle%2FALeqM5jqfjSxI0cOeNG4TITywUuuQMNTGA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.france24.com/en/20090715-congo-government-expected-release-vote-results-fraud-opposition-poll">Vote results expected as opposition alleges fraud</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090727141917/http://www.france24.com/en/20090715-congo-government-expected-release-vote-results-fraud-opposition-poll">Archived</a> 27 July 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. France24 (16 July 2009).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/special-report/2018/06/18/updated-congo-brazzaville-s-hidden-war">"Congo-Brazzaville's hidden war"</a>. New Humanitarian. 18 June 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190408002300/http://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/special-report/2018/06/18/updated-congo-brazzaville-s-hidden-war">Archived</a> from the original on 8 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Congo-Brazzaville%27s+hidden+war&rft.date=2018-06-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenewhumanitarian.org%2Fspecial-report%2F2018%2F06%2F18%2Fupdated-congo-brazzaville-s-hidden-war&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120204033107/https://af.reuters.com/article/idAFLR9382820090429?pageNumber=3&virtualBrandChannel=0">"FACTBOX-African leaders' French assets under scrutiny"</a>. Reuters. 29 April 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://af.reuters.com/article/idAFLR9382820090429?pageNumber=3&virtualBrandChannel=0">the original</a> on 4 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FACTBOX-African+leaders%27+French+assets+under+scrutiny&rft.pub=Reuters&rft.date=2009-04-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faf.reuters.com%2Farticle%2FidAFLR9382820090429%3FpageNumber%3D3%26virtualBrandChannel%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6948281.stm">"Congo leader son fails in gag bid"</a>. BBC. 15 August 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090930011028/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6948281.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 30 September 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Congo+leader+son+fails+in+gag+bid&rft.date=2007-08-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fafrica%2F6948281.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091012122950/http://www.fpif.org/fpiftxt/6209">"Propping Up Africa's Dictators"</a>. Foreign Policy In Focus. 22 June 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fpif.org/fpiftxt/6209">the original</a> on 12 October 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Propping+Up+Africa%27s+Dictators&rft.pub=Foreign+Policy+In+Focus&rft.date=2009-06-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fpif.org%2Ffpiftxt%2F6209&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120204033107/https://af.reuters.com/article/idAFLR9382820090429?pageNumber=3&virtualBrandChannel=0">"FACTBOX-African leaders' French assets under scrutiny"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. 29 April 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://af.reuters.com/article/idAFLR9382820090429?pageNumber=3&virtualBrandChannel=0">the original</a> on 4 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=FACTBOX-African+leaders%27+French+assets+under+scrutiny&rft.date=2009-04-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faf.reuters.com%2Farticle%2FidAFLR9382820090429%3FpageNumber%3D3%26virtualBrandChannel%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFJoan_TilouineICIJ2016" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Joan Tilouine; ICIJ (4 April 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2016/04/04/les-africains-du-panama-1-les-circuits-offshore-des-fils-de_4895102_3212.html#JWAeAK6oVt0UvEe4.99">"Les Africains du Panama (1) : les circuits offshore des " fils de "<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Le Monde</i> (in French). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161112044052/http://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2016/04/04/les-africains-du-panama-1-les-circuits-offshore-des-fils-de_4895102_3212.html#JWAeAK6oVt0UvEe4.99">Archived</a> from the original on 12 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Monde&rft.atitle=Les+Africains+du+Panama+%281%29+%3A+les+circuits+offshore+des+%22+fils+de+%22&rft.date=2016-04-04&rft.au=Joan+Tilouine&rft.au=ICIJ&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Fafrique%2Farticle%2F2016%2F04%2F04%2Fles-africains-du-panama-1-les-circuits-offshore-des-fils-de_4895102_3212.html%23JWAeAK6oVt0UvEe4.99&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ross, Aaron (27 March 2015) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-congo-president-idUSKBN0MN25N20150327">Congo Republic president says expects referendum over the third term</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150929205702/http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/03/27/us-congo-president-idUSKBN0MN25N20150327">Archived</a> 29 September 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>Reuters</i></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-congo-opposition-idUSKCN0SO24720151030#6gUx7xJL8tLmw1OB.97">"Congo opposition holds ceremony for killed protesters=Reuters"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. 30 October 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151128070432/http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/10/30/us-congo-opposition-idUSKCN0SO24720151030#6gUx7xJL8tLmw1OB.97">Archived</a> from the original on 28 November 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Congo+opposition+holds+ceremony+for+killed+protesters%3DReuters&rft.date=2015-10-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-congo-opposition-idUSKCN0SO24720151030%236gUx7xJL8tLmw1OB.97&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFlefigaro.fr2016" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">lefigaro.fr (4 April 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lefigaro.fr/international/2016/04/04/01003-20160404ARTFIG00174-violences-au-congo-le-gouvernement-accuse-les-opposants-a-sassou-nguesso.php">"Violences au Congo : le government accuse les opposants à Sassou-Nguesso"</a>. <i>Le Figaro</i> (in French). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160514153900/http://www.lefigaro.fr/international/2016/04/04/01003-20160404ARTFIG00174-violences-au-congo-le-gouvernement-accuse-les-opposants-a-sassou-nguesso.php">Archived</a> from the original on 14 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Le+Figaro&rft.atitle=Violences+au+Congo+%3A+le+government+accuse+les+opposants+%C3%A0+Sassou-Nguesso&rft.date=2016-04-04&rft.au=lefigaro.fr&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lefigaro.fr%2Finternational%2F2016%2F04%2F04%2F01003-20160404ARTFIG00174-violences-au-congo-le-gouvernement-accuse-les-opposants-a-sassou-nguesso.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">
With inconsistent figures:
<ul><li>The <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.presidence.cg/congo/administration.php">site of the Presidency of the Republic of the Congo</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090727221905/http://www.presidence.cg/congo/administration.php">Archived</a> 27 July 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> lists 11 departments, 7 communes, and 76 districts.</li>
<li>The 2004 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnsee.org/Publication/Annuaire_04.pdf">Statistical directory of Congo</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091113142137/http://www.cnsee.org/Publication/Annuaire_04.pdf">Archived</a> 13 November 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> lists 12 departments, 6 communes, and 85 districts</li>
<li>A list of subprefects (higher representatives of State in a district) nominated in December 2008 lists 86 districts. Search <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090116112954/http://www.zenga-mambu.com/fiche.php?id=693">"Archived copy"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zenga-mambu.com/fiche.php?id=693">the original</a> on 16 January 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 August</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zenga-mambu.com%2Ffiche.php%3Fid%3D693&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></li>
<li>Finally, the good figures seem to come from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.congo-siteportail.info/Les-donnees-generales-sur-le-Congo_a18.html">this site</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090518092837/http://www.congo-siteportail.info/Les-donnees-generales-sur-le-Congo_a18.html">Archived</a> 18 May 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>: 12 departments, 7 communes, and 86 districts</li></ul>
</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-globalpost-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-globalpost_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-globalpost_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/regions/africa/111113/pygmy-pets-congo-pygmies-slavery-human-rights">"Pygmies in the Congo treated like "pets": report"</a>. globalpost.com. 13 July 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111114021904/http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/regions/africa/111113/pygmy-pets-congo-pygmies-slavery-human-rights">Archived</a> from the original on 14 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Pygmies+in+the+Congo+treated+like+%22pets%22%3A+report&rft.date=2014-07-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalpost.com%2Fdispatch%2Fnews%2Fregions%2Fafrica%2F111113%2Fpygmy-pets-congo-pygmies-slavery-human-rights&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-internationalreportingproject-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-internationalreportingproject_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFThomas2007" class="citation news cs1">Thomas, Katie (4 March 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://internationalreportingproject.org/stories/view/slaves-of-the-congo">"Slaves of the Congo"</a>. International Reporting Project. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140714221201/http://internationalreportingproject.org/stories/view/slaves-of-the-congo">Archived</a> from the original on 14 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Slaves+of+the+Congo&rft.date=2007-03-04&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Katie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finternationalreportingproject.org%2Fstories%2Fview%2Fslaves-of-the-congo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101124090322/http://www.iwgia.org/sw153.asp">"UN expert praises Congo's draft law on indigenous rights"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iwgia.org/sw153.asp">the original</a> on 24 November 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UN+expert+praises+Congo%27s+draft+law+on+indigenous+rights&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iwgia.org%2Fsw153.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span>. iwgia.org, 15 November 2010</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFMoen" class="citation web cs1">Moen, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/africa/congo/cgland.htm">"Congo Geography"</a>. <i>www.worldatlas.com</i>. World Atlas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200321044429/https://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/africa/congo/cgland.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 21 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.worldatlas.com&rft.atitle=Congo+Geography&rft.aulast=Moen&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldatlas.com%2Fwebimage%2Fcountrys%2Fafrica%2Fcongo%2Fcgland.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pdf.wri.org/gfw_congo_atlas_v1_affiche_fr.pdf">Map: Situation de l'exploitation forestière en République du Congo</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090114040015/http://pdf.wri.org/gfw_congo_atlas_v1_affiche_fr.pdf">Archived</a> 14 January 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. (PDF) . Retrieved on 25 February 2013.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FLII-Supplementary-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FLII-Supplementary_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFGranthamDuncanEvansJones2020" class="citation journal cs1">Grantham, H. S.; Duncan, A.; Evans, T. D.; Jones, K. R.; Beyer, H. L.; Schuster, R.; Walston, J.; Ray, J. C.; Robinson, J. G.; Callow, M.; Clements, T.; Costa, H. M.; DeGemmis, A.; Elsen, P. R.; Ervin, J.; Franco, P.; Goldman, E.; Goetz, S.; Hansen, A.; Hofsvang, E.; Jantz, P.; Jupiter, S.; Kang, A.; Langhammer, P.; Laurance, W. F.; Lieberman, S.; Linkie, M.; Malhi, Y.; Maxwell, S.; Mendez, M.; Mittermeier, R.; Murray, N. J.; Possingham, H.; Radachowsky, J.; Saatchi, S.; Samper, C.; Silverman, J.; Shapiro, A.; Strassburg, B.; Stevens, T.; Stokes, E.; Taylor, R.; Tear, T.; Tizard, R.; Venter, O.; Visconti, P.; Wang, S.; Watson, J. E. M. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7723057">"Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity - Supplementary Material"</a>. <i>Nature Communications</i>. <b>11</b> (1): 5978. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020NatCo..11.5978G">2020NatCo..11.5978G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41467-020-19493-3">10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2041-1723">2041-1723</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7723057">7723057</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33293507">33293507</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Communications&rft.atitle=Anthropogenic+modification+of+forests+means+only+40%25+of+remaining+forests+have+high+ecosystem+integrity+-+Supplementary+Material&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=5978&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7723057%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020NatCo..11.5978G&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33293507&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41467-020-19493-3&rft.issn=2041-1723&rft.aulast=Grantham&rft.aufirst=H.+S.&rft.au=Duncan%2C+A.&rft.au=Evans%2C+T.+D.&rft.au=Jones%2C+K.+R.&rft.au=Beyer%2C+H.+L.&rft.au=Schuster%2C+R.&rft.au=Walston%2C+J.&rft.au=Ray%2C+J.+C.&rft.au=Robinson%2C+J.+G.&rft.au=Callow%2C+M.&rft.au=Clements%2C+T.&rft.au=Costa%2C+H.+M.&rft.au=DeGemmis%2C+A.&rft.au=Elsen%2C+P.+R.&rft.au=Ervin%2C+J.&rft.au=Franco%2C+P.&rft.au=Goldman%2C+E.&rft.au=Goetz%2C+S.&rft.au=Hansen%2C+A.&rft.au=Hofsvang%2C+E.&rft.au=Jantz%2C+P.&rft.au=Jupiter%2C+S.&rft.au=Kang%2C+A.&rft.au=Langhammer%2C+P.&rft.au=Laurance%2C+W.+F.&rft.au=Lieberman%2C+S.&rft.au=Linkie%2C+M.&rft.au=Malhi%2C+Y.&rft.au=Maxwell%2C+S.&rft.au=Mendez%2C+M.&rft.au=Mittermeier%2C+R.&rft.au=Murray%2C+N.+J.&rft.au=Possingham%2C+H.&rft.au=Radachowsky%2C+J.&rft.au=Saatchi%2C+S.&rft.au=Samper%2C+C.&rft.au=Silverman%2C+J.&rft.au=Shapiro%2C+A.&rft.au=Strassburg%2C+B.&rft.au=Stevens%2C+T.&rft.au=Stokes%2C+E.&rft.au=Taylor%2C+R.&rft.au=Tear%2C+T.&rft.au=Tizard%2C+R.&rft.au=Venter%2C+O.&rft.au=Visconti%2C+P.&rft.au=Wang%2C+S.&rft.au=Watson%2C+J.+E.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7723057&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-DinersteinOlson2017-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DinersteinOlson2017_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFDinersteinOlsonJoshiVynne2017" class="citation journal cs1">Dinerstein, Eric; Olson, David; Joshi, Anup; Vynne, Carly; Burgess, Neil D.; Wikramanayake, Eric; Hahn, Nathan; Palminteri, Suzanne; Hedao, Prashant; Noss, Reed; Hansen, Matt; Locke, Harvey; Ellis, Erle C; Jones, Benjamin; Barber, Charles Victor; Hayes, Randy; Kormos, Cyril; Martin, Vance; Crist, Eileen; Sechrest, Wes; Price, Lori; Baillie, Jonathan E. M.; Weeden, Don; Suckling, Kierán; Davis, Crystal; Sizer, Nigel; Moore, Rebecca; Thau, David; Birch, Tanya; Potapov, Peter; Turubanova, Svetlana; Tyukavina, Alexandra; de Souza, Nadia; Pintea, Lilian; Brito, José C.; Llewellyn, Othman A.; Miller, Anthony G.; Patzelt, Annette; Ghazanfar, Shahina A.; Timberlake, Jonathan; Klöser, Heinz; Shennan-Farpón, Yara; Kindt, Roeland; Lillesø, Jens-Peter Barnekow; van Breugel, Paulo; Graudal, Lars; Voge, Maianna; Al-Shammari, Khalaf F.; Saleem, Muhammad (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5451287">"An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm"</a>. <i>BioScience</i>. <b>67</b> (6): 534–545. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbiosci%2Fbix014">10.1093/biosci/bix014</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0006-3568">0006-3568</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5451287">5451287</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28608869">28608869</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BioScience&rft.atitle=An+Ecoregion-Based+Approach+to+Protecting+Half+the+Terrestrial+Realm&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=534-545&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5451287%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0006-3568&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28608869&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fbiosci%2Fbix014&rft.aulast=Dinerstein&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft.au=Olson%2C+David&rft.au=Joshi%2C+Anup&rft.au=Vynne%2C+Carly&rft.au=Burgess%2C+Neil+D.&rft.au=Wikramanayake%2C+Eric&rft.au=Hahn%2C+Nathan&rft.au=Palminteri%2C+Suzanne&rft.au=Hedao%2C+Prashant&rft.au=Noss%2C+Reed&rft.au=Hansen%2C+Matt&rft.au=Locke%2C+Harvey&rft.au=Ellis%2C+Erle+C&rft.au=Jones%2C+Benjamin&rft.au=Barber%2C+Charles+Victor&rft.au=Hayes%2C+Randy&rft.au=Kormos%2C+Cyril&rft.au=Martin%2C+Vance&rft.au=Crist%2C+Eileen&rft.au=Sechrest%2C+Wes&rft.au=Price%2C+Lori&rft.au=Baillie%2C+Jonathan+E.+M.&rft.au=Weeden%2C+Don&rft.au=Suckling%2C+Kier%C3%A1n&rft.au=Davis%2C+Crystal&rft.au=Sizer%2C+Nigel&rft.au=Moore%2C+Rebecca&rft.au=Thau%2C+David&rft.au=Birch%2C+Tanya&rft.au=Potapov%2C+Peter&rft.au=Turubanova%2C+Svetlana&rft.au=Tyukavina%2C+Alexandra&rft.au=de+Souza%2C+Nadia&rft.au=Pintea%2C+Lilian&rft.au=Brito%2C+Jos%C3%A9+C.&rft.au=Llewellyn%2C+Othman+A.&rft.au=Miller%2C+Anthony+G.&rft.au=Patzelt%2C+Annette&rft.au=Ghazanfar%2C+Shahina+A.&rft.au=Timberlake%2C+Jonathan&rft.au=Kl%C3%B6ser%2C+Heinz&rft.au=Shennan-Farp%C3%B3n%2C+Yara&rft.au=Kindt%2C+Roeland&rft.au=Lilles%C3%B8%2C+Jens-Peter+Barnekow&rft.au=van+Breugel%2C+Paulo&rft.au=Graudal%2C+Lars&rft.au=Voge%2C+Maianna&rft.au=Al-Shammari%2C+Khalaf+F.&rft.au=Saleem%2C+Muhammad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5451287&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFSamba_G.Nganga_D.Mpounza_M.2008" class="citation journal cs1">Samba G.; Nganga D.; Mpounza M. (2008). "Rainfall and temperature variations over Congo-Brazzaville between 1950 and 1998". <i>Theoretical and Applied Climatology</i>. <b>91</b> (1–4): 85–97. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008ThApC..91...85S">2008ThApC..91...85S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00704-007-0298-0">10.1007/s00704-007-0298-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:120659948">120659948</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Theoretical+and+Applied+Climatology&rft.atitle=Rainfall+and+temperature+variations+over+Congo-Brazzaville+between+1950+and+1998&rft.volume=91&rft.issue=1%E2%80%934&rft.pages=85-97&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A120659948%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00704-007-0298-0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008ThApC..91...85S&rft.au=Samba+G.&rft.au=Nganga+D.&rft.au=Mpounza+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=93254830">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Mother Lode' Of Gorillas Found In Congo Forests : NPR"</a>. <i>NPR.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080828044221/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=93254830">Archived</a> from the original on 28 August 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 August</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR.org&rft.atitle=%27Mother+Lode%27+Of+Gorillas+Found+In+Congo+Forests+%3A+NPR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Ftemplates%2Fstory%2Fstory.php%3FstoryId%3D93254830&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-eia-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-eia_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080323115110/http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/congo2.html">"Congo-Brazzaville"</a>. Energy Information Administration, U.S. Government. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/congo2.html">the original</a> on 23 March 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Congo-Brazzaville&rft.pub=Energy+Information+Administration%2C+U.S.+Government&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eia.doe.gov%2Femeu%2Fcabs%2Fcongo2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/AFRICAEXT/CONGOEXTN/0,,menuPK:349223~pagePK:141132~piPK:141107~theSitePK:349199,00.html">Republic of the Congo</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090504123157/http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/AFRICAEXT/CONGOEXTN/0,,menuPK:349223~pagePK:141132~piPK:141107~theSitePK:349199,00.html">Archived</a> 4 May 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> World Bank</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.econstats.com/weo/CCOG.htm">"Congo, Republic of"</a>. EconStats. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090428114157/http://www.econstats.com/weo/CCOG.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 28 April 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Congo%2C+Republic+of&rft.pub=EconStats&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.econstats.com%2Fweo%2FCCOG.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090510045124/http://www.kimberleyprocess.com/download/getfile/310">"Kimberley Process Removes the Republic of Congo from the List of Participants"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kimberley_Process" class="mw-redirect" title="Kimberley Process">Kimberley Process</a>. 9 July 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kimberleyprocess.com/download/getfile/310">the original</a> on 10 May 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kimberley+Process+Removes+the+Republic+of+Congo+from+the+List+of+Participants&rft.pub=Kimberley+Process&rft.date=2004-07-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kimberleyprocess.com%2Fdownload%2Fgetfile%2F310&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080304225023/http://www.kimberleyprocess.com/download/getfile/678">"2007 Kimberley Process Communiqué"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kimberley_Process" class="mw-redirect" title="Kimberley Process">Kimberley Process</a>. 8 November 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kimberleyprocess.com/download/getfile/678">the original</a> on 4 March 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2007+Kimberley+Process+Communiqu%C3%A9&rft.pub=Kimberley+Process&rft.date=2007-11-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kimberleyprocess.com%2Fdownload%2Fgetfile%2F678&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161227073149/https://www.mbendi.com/indy/ming/af/co/p0005.htm">"Mining in Congo"</a>. MBendi. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mbendi.com/indy/ming/af/co/p0005.htm">the original</a> on 27 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mining+in+Congo&rft.pub=MBendi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mbendi.com%2Findy%2Fming%2Faf%2Fco%2Fp0005.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-ohada.com-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ohada.com_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ohada.com/index.php">"OHADA.com: The business law portal in Africa"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090326033744/http://www.ohada.com/index.php">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=OHADA.com%3A+The+business+law+portal+in+Africa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ohada.com%2Findex.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Goodspeed, Peter (21 October 2009) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20110218183659/http://www.nationalpost.com/news/story.html?id=2130070">"South Africa's white farmers prepare to trek to the Congo"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nationalpost.com/news/story.html?id=2130070">the original</a> on 18 February 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=South+Africa%27s+white+farmers+prepare+to+trek+to+the+Congo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnationalpost.com%2Fnews%2Fstory.html%3Fid%3D2130070&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span>. National Post.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/congo/6398253/Congo-hands-land-to-South-African-farmers.html">Congo hands land to South African farmers</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180521201638/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/congo/6398253/Congo-hands-land-to-South-African-farmers.html">Archived</a> 21 May 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Telegraph. 21 October 2009.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1">"Republic of the Congo GDP Annual Growth Rate". <i>Trading Economics</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Trading+Economics&rft.atitle=Republic+of+the+Congo+GDP+Annual+Growth+Rate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">|url=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#cite_web_url" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gfmag.com/global-data/country-data/republic-of-the-congo-gdp-country-report">"Republic of the Congo GDP and Economic Data"</a>. <i>Global Finance</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160124211901/http://www.gfmag.com/global-data/country-data/republic-of-the-congo-gdp-country-report">Archived</a> from the original on 24 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Global+Finance&rft.atitle=Republic+of+the+Congo+GDP+and+Economic+Data&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gfmag.com%2Fglobal-data%2Fcountry-data%2Frepublic-of-the-congo-gdp-country-report&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.opec.org/opec_web/en/about_us/25.htm">"OPEC Member Countries"</a>. Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190208202051/https://www.opec.org/opec_web/en/about_us/25.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=OPEC+Member+Countries&rft.pub=Organization+of+Petroleum+Exporting+Countries&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.opec.org%2Fopec_web%2Fen%2Fabout_us%2F25.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110413224106/http://latitudefrance.org/25-mars-Inauguration-officielle-de.html">"Inauguration de la basilique Sainte-Anne du Congo à Brazzaville"</a>. <i>Latitude France</i> (in French). Brazzaville. 31 March 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://latitudefrance.org/25-mars-Inauguration-officielle-de.html">the original</a> on 13 April 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Latitude+France&rft.atitle=Inauguration+de+la+basilique+Sainte-Anne+du+Congo+%C3%A0+Brazzaville&rft.date=2011-03-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flatitudefrance.org%2F25-mars-Inauguration-officielle-de.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-ARDA-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ARDA_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thearda.com/internationalData/countries/Country_58_1.asp">"Congo, Republic of the"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Religion_Data_Archives" title="Association of Religion Data Archives">Association of Religion Data Archives</a>. 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201022230535/https://thearda.com/internationalData/countries/Country_58_1.asp">Archived</a> from the original on 22 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Congo%2C+Republic+of+the&rft.pub=Association+of+Religion+Data+Archives&rft.date=2015&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thearda.com%2FinternationalData%2Fcountries%2FCountry_58_1.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-UN_WPP-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UN_WPP_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://population.un.org/wpp/">"World Population Prospects 2022"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs" title="United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs">United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs</a>, Population Division<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Population+Prospects+2022&rft.pub=United+Nations+Department+of+Economic+and+Social+Affairs%2C+Population+Division&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpopulation.un.org%2Fwpp%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-UN_WPP_2022-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UN_WPP_2022_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_General/WPP2022_GEN_F01_DEMOGRAPHIC_INDICATORS_COMPACT_REV1.xlsx">"World Population Prospects 2022: Demographic indicators by region, subregion and country, annually for 1950-2100"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(XSLX)</span> ("Total Population, as of 1 July (thousands)"). <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs" title="United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs">United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs</a>, Population Division<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Population+Prospects+2022%3A+Demographic+indicators+by+region%2C+subregion+and+country%2C+annually+for+1950-2100&rft.pub=United+Nations+Department+of+Economic+and+Social+Affairs%2C+Population+Division&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpopulation.un.org%2Fwpp%2FDownload%2FFiles%2F1_Indicators%2520%28Standard%29%2FEXCEL_FILES%2F1_General%2FWPP2022_GEN_F01_DEMOGRAPHIC_INDICATORS_COMPACT_REV1.xlsx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-StateDept-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-StateDept_79-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-StateDept_79-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-StateDept_79-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2825.htm#people">Background Note: Republic of the Congo</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190604183708/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2825.htm#people">Archived</a> 4 June 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">United States Department of State</a>. Accessed on 21 August 2008.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=CG">"Languages of Congo"</a>. SIL International. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080923225148/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=CG">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Languages+of+Congo&rft.pub=SIL+International&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Fshow_country.asp%3Fname%3DCG&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFLevinson,_David1998" class="citation book cs1">Levinson, David (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uwi-rv3VV6cC&pg=PA120"><i>Ethnic groups worldwide</i></a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 120–121. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57356-019-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57356-019-1"><bdi>978-1-57356-019-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210413223837/https://books.google.com/books?id=uwi-rv3VV6cC&pg=PA120">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnic+groups+worldwide&rft.pages=120-121&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-57356-019-1&rft.au=Levinson%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Duwi-rv3VV6cC%26pg%3DPA120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.minorityrights.org/?lid=4141">"Congo Overview"</a>. Minority Rights Group International. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080614031740/http://www.minorityrights.org/?lid=4141">Archived</a> from the original on 14 June 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Congo+Overview&rft.pub=Minority+Rights+Group+International&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.minorityrights.org%2F%3Flid%3D4141&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2011/08/05/les-pygmees-du-congo-en-danger-d-extinction_1556735_3212.html#ens_id=1259967">"Les pygmées du Congo en "danger d'extinction"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Le Monde</i>. 5 August 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171107030414/http://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2011/08/05/les-pygmees-du-congo-en-danger-d-extinction_1556735_3212.html#ens_id=1259967">Archived</a> from the original on 7 November 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Monde&rft.atitle=Les+pygm%C3%A9es+du+Congo+en+%22danger+d%27extinction%22&rft.date=2011-08-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Fafrique%2Farticle%2F2011%2F08%2F05%2Fles-pygmees-du-congo-en-danger-d-extinction_1556735_3212.html%23ens_id%3D1259967&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.measuredhs.com/pubs/pdf/FR267/FR267.pdf">Congo. Enquête Démographique et de Santé 2011–2012</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140222140728/http://www.measuredhs.com/pubs/pdf/FR267/FR267.pdf">Archived</a> 22 February 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Centre National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques (CNSEE), Brazzaville. December 2012</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-hdrstats.undp.org-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hdrstats.undp.org_85-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hdrstats.undp.org_85-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hdrstats.undp.org_85-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hdrstats.undp.org_85-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hdrstats.undp.org_85-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hdrstats.undp.org_85-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100117223815/http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/countries/data_sheets/cty_ds_COG.html">"Human Development Report 2009"</a>. Archived from the original on 17 January 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Human+Development+Report+2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhdrstats.undp.org%2Fen%2Fcountries%2Fdata_sheets%2Fcty_ds_COG.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span>. undp.org</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irinnews.org/report/73653/congo-grappling-with-malnutrition-and-post-conflict-woes">"IRIN Africa – CONGO: Grappling with malnutrition and post-conflict woes – Congo – Food Security – Health & Nutrition"</a>. <i>IRINnews</i>. 8 August 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141129020635/http://www.irinnews.org/report/73653/congo-grappling-with-malnutrition-and-post-conflict-woes">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IRINnews&rft.atitle=IRIN+Africa+%E2%80%93+CONGO%3A+Grappling+with+malnutrition+and+post-conflict+woes+%E2%80%93+Congo+%E2%80%93+Food+Security+%E2%80%93+Health+%26+Nutrition&rft.date=2007-08-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irinnews.org%2Freport%2F73653%2Fcongo-grappling-with-malnutrition-and-post-conflict-woes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141129011052/http://inthenews.unfpa.org/?p=15146">"CONGO (BRAZZAVILLE): UNFPA Leads Fight Against FGM " UNFPA in the News"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://inthenews.unfpa.org/?p=15146">the original</a> on 29 November 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CONGO+%28BRAZZAVILLE%29%3A+UNFPA+Leads+Fight+Against+FGM+%22+UNFPA+in+the+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finthenews.unfpa.org%2F%3Fp%3D15146&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-unhcr.org-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-unhcr.org_88-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-unhcr.org_88-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,,,COG,456d621e2,4aba3ee628,0.html">Refworld | 2008 Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor – Congo, Republic of the</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110510033931/http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,,,COG,456d621e2,4aba3ee628,0.html">Archived</a> 10 May 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. UNHCR. Retrieved on 25 February 2013.</span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1054258005">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="refbegin" style="">
<ul><li>Maria Petringa, <i>Brazza, A Life for Africa</i> (2006) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4259-1198-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4259-1198-0">978-1-4259-1198-0</a></li></ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1217611005">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1097092911">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409">
<div class="side-box-abovebelow">
<b>Republic of the Congo</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div>
<div class="side-box-flex">
<div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Republic_of_the_Congo" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Republic of the Congo">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_du_Congo" class="extiw" title="c:République du Congo">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Republic_of_the_Congo" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Republic of the Congo">News</a> from Wikinews</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Republic_of_the_Congo" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Republic of the Congo">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Republic_of_the_Congo" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Republic of the Congo">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Republic_of_the_Congo" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Republic of the Congo">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Republic_of_the_Congo" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Republic of the Congo">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" class="extiw" title="voy:Republic of the Congo">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</span></li></ul></div></div>
</div>
<p><b>Government</b>
</p>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.presidence.cg/accueil/">Presidency of the Republic</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101222012727/http://www.presidence.cg/accueil/">Archived</a> 22 December 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-c/congo-republic-of-the.html">Chief of State and Cabinet Members</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081210080257/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-c/congo-republic-of-the.html">Archived</a> 10 December 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul>
<p><b>General</b>
</p>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/country_profiles/1076794.stm">Country Profile</a> from <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/congo-republic-of-the/">Republic of the Congo</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>.</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081207054856/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/Congo.htm">Republic of the Congo</a> from <i>UCB Libraries GovPubs</i></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://curlie.org/Regional/Africa/Congo">Republic of the Congo</a> at <a href="/wiki/Curlie" class="mw-redirect" title="Curlie">Curlie</a></li>
<li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/16px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/24px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/32px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of the Republic of the Congo">Wikimedia Atlas of the Republic of the Congo</a></li></ul>
<p><b>Tourism</b>
</p>
<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/16px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/24px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/32px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo#Q971" class="extiw" title="voy:Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a> travel guide from Wikivoyage</li></ul>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1061467846">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Republic_of_the_Congo_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1063604349">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Republic_of_the_Congo_topics" title="Template:Republic of the Congo topics"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Republic_of_the_Congo_topics" title="Template talk:Republic of the Congo topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Republic_of_the_Congo_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Republic of the Congo topics"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Republic_of_the_Congo_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Republic of the Congo</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="History of the Republic of the Congo">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kongo" title="Kingdom of Kongo">Kingdom of Kongo</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1390–1914)</span></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Loango" title="Kingdom of Loango">Kingdom of Loango</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1550–1883)</span></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kongo_Civil_War" title="Kongo Civil War">Kongo Civil War</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1665–1709)</span></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Colonization_of_the_Congo_Basin" title="Colonization of the Congo Basin">Colonization of the Congo Basin</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1876–1885)</span></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/French_Congo" title="French Congo">French Congo</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1882–1910)</span></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/French_Equatorial_Africa" title="French Equatorial Africa">French Equatorial Africa</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1910–1958)</span></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fulbert_Youlou" title="Fulbert Youlou">Fulbert Youlou</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Trois_Glorieuses_(1963)" title="Trois Glorieuses (1963)">Trois Glorieuses</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1963)</span></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="People's Republic of the Congo">People's Republic of the Congo</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1970–1992)</span></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1990s_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="1990s in the Republic of the Congo">1990s in Congo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo_Civil_War_(1993%E2%80%931994)" title="Republic of the Congo Civil War (1993–1994)">First Civil War</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1993–1994)</span></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo_Civil_War_(1997%E2%80%931999)" title="Republic of the Congo Civil War (1997–1999)">Second Civil War</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1997–1999)</span></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/2002_Republic_of_the_Congo_constitutional_referendum" title="2002 Republic of the Congo constitutional referendum">2002 constitutional referendum</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/2002%E2%80%932003_conflict_in_the_Pool_Department" title="2002–2003 conflict in the Pool Department">Pool conflict</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2002–2003)</span></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/2015_Republic_of_the_Congo_constitutional_referendum" title="2015 Republic of the Congo constitutional referendum">2015 constitutional referendum</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pool_War" title="Pool War">Pool War</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2016–2017)</span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Geography of the Republic of the Congo">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="List of cities in the Republic of the Congo">Cities</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Departments_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Departments of the Republic of the Congo">Departments</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Districts of the Republic of the Congo">Districts</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="List of ecoregions in the Republic of the Congo">Ecoregions</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="List of rivers of the Republic of the Congo">Rivers</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Wildlife of the Republic of the Congo">Wildlife</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Politics of the Republic of the Congo">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Elections in the Republic of the Congo">Elections</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Foreign relations of the Republic of the Congo">Foreign relations</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Human rights in the Republic of the Congo">Human rights</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="LGBT rights in the Republic of the Congo">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Law enforcement in the Republic of the Congo">Law enforcement</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Armed Forces of the Republic of the Congo">Military</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Parliament of the Republic of the Congo">Parliament</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="List of political parties in the Republic of the Congo">Political parties</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="List of presidents of the Republic of the Congo">President</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="List of prime ministers of the Republic of the Congo">Prime Minister</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Economy of the Republic of the Congo">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Agriculture in the Republic of the Congo">Agriculture</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Central_African_States" title="Bank of Central African States">Central Bank</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Mining in the Republic of the Congo">Mining</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Petroleum industry in the Republic of the Congo">Oil</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Telecommunications in the Republic of the Congo">Telecommunications</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Transport in the Republic of the Congo">Transport</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="List of companies of the Republic of the Congo">List of companies</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Culture of the Republic of the Congo">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_marriage_in_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Child marriage in Republic of the Congo">Child marriage</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Congolese_cuisine" title="Congolese cuisine">Cuisine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Demographics of the Republic of the Congo">Demographics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Education in the Republic of the Congo">Education</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Republic_of_the_Congo_films" title="List of Republic of the Congo films">Films</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Football in the Republic of the Congo">Football</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Human trafficking in the Republic of the Congo">Human trafficking</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Languages of the Republic of the Congo">Languages</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Mass media in the Republic of the Congo">Media</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Music of the Republic of the Congo">Music</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Polygamy in the Republic of the Congo">Polygamy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Public holidays in the Republic of the Congo">Public holidays</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Religion in the Republic of the Congo">Religion</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/La_Congolaise" title="La Congolaise">Anthem</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Coat of arms of the Republic of the Congo">Coat of arms</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Flag of the Republic of the Congo">Flag</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Outline of the Republic of the Congo">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Republic_of_the_Congo%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of Republic of the Congo–related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Category:Republic of the Congo">Category</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Portal:Republic of the Congo">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px">
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_territories_of_Africa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_of_Africa" title="Template:Countries of Africa"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_of_Africa" title="Template talk:Countries of Africa"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Countries_of_Africa" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Countries of Africa"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_territories_of_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Africa" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Africa">Countries and territories</a> of <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Republic of the Congo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> (partly in Asia)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">The Gambia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul>
</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/100px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/200px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited<br />recognition</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Territorial_dispute" title="Territorial dispute">unclear sovereignty</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent<br />territories</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scattered_Islands_in_the_Indian_Ocean" title="Scattered Islands in the Indian Ocean">Îles Éparses</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">African territories fully<br />part of non-African states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mayotte" title="Mayotte">Mayotte</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pantelleria" title="Pantelleria">Pantelleria</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pelagie_Islands" title="Pelagie Islands">Pelagie Islands</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portugal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeira</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Savage_Islands" title="Savage Islands">Savage Islands</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Melilla" title="Melilla">Melilla</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Plazas_de_soberan%C3%ADa" title="Plazas de soberanía">Plazas de soberanía</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Yemen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socotra" title="Socotra">Socotra</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>
<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Africa" title="Category:Africa">Category</a></b></li>
<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Africa" title="Portal:Africa">Africa portal</a></b></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="African_Union" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:African_Union" title="Template:African Union"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:African_Union" title="Template talk:African Union"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:African_Union" title="Special:EditPage/Template:African Union"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="African_Union" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_African_Union" title="History of the African Union">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">Pan-Africanism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Decolonisation_of_Africa" title="Decolonisation of Africa">Decolonisation of Africa</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Casablanca_Group" title="Casablanca Group">Casablanca Group</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Monrovia_Group" title="Monrovia Group">Monrovia Group</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/African_and_Malagasy_Union" title="African and Malagasy Union">African and Malagasy Union</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/African_Monetary_Union" title="African Monetary Union">Abuja Treaty</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sirte_Declaration" title="Sirte Declaration">Sirte Declaration</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Constitutive_Act_of_the_African_Union" title="Constitutive Act of the African Union">Lome Summit</a></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_African_Unity" title="Organisation of African Unity">Organisation of African Unity</a></b>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chairperson_of_the_Organisation_of_African_Unity" title="Chairperson of the Organisation of African Unity">Chairperson</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_General_of_the_Organisation_of_African_Unity" title="Secretary General of the Organisation of African Unity">Secretary General</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_African_Union" title="Geography of the African Union">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Countries_bordering_the_African_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Countries bordering the African Union">Borders</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_the_African_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Extreme points of the African Union">Extreme points</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_African_Union" title="Member states of the African Union">Member states</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_the_African_Union" title="Regions of the African Union">Regions</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Organs_of_the_African_Union" title="Organs of the African Union">Organs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Council_of_the_African_Union" title="Executive Council of the African Union">Executive Council</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_Representatives%27_Committee_of_the_African_Union" title="Permanent Representatives' Committee of the African Union">Permanent Representatives' Committee</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Specialised_Technical_Committees_of_the_African_Union" title="Specialised Technical Committees of the African Union">Specialized Technical Committees</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_the_African_Union" title="Assembly of the African Union">Assembly</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chairperson_of_the_African_Union" title="Chairperson of the African Union">Chairperson</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Commission" title="African Union Commission">Commission</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chairperson_of_the_African_Union_Commission" title="Chairperson of the African Union Commission">Chairperson</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chairperson_of_the_African_Union_Commission" title="Chairperson of the African Union Commission">Deputy Chairperson</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Conference_Center_and_Office_Complex" title="African Union Conference Center and Office Complex">AUCC</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/2025_African_Union_Commission_Chairperson_election" title="2025 African Union Commission Chairperson election">2025 election</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pan-African_Parliament" title="Pan-African Parliament">Pan-African Parliament</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_the_Pan-African_Parliament" title="Bureau of the Pan-African Parliament">Bureau</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Pan-African_Parliament" title="Secretariat of the Pan-African Parliament">Secretariat</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gallagher_Convention_Centre" title="Gallagher Convention Centre">Gallagher Estate</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Justice_of_the_African_Union" title="Court of Justice of the African Union">African Court of Justice</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Court_on_Human_and_Peoples%27_Rights" title="African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights">African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economic,_Social_and_Cultural_Council" title="Economic, Social and Cultural Council">ECOSOCC Committees</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peace_and_Security_Committee" title="Peace and Security Committee">Peace and Security</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Political_Affairs_Committee_(African_Union)" title="Political Affairs Committee (African Union)">Political Affairs</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Infrastructure_and_Energy_Committee" title="Infrastructure and Energy Committee">Infrastructure and Energy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Social_Affairs_and_Health_Committee" title="Social Affairs and Health Committee">Social Affairs and Health</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Human_Resources,_Science,_and_Technology_Committee" title="Human Resources, Science, and Technology Committee">HR, Sciences and Technology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Trade_and_Industry_Committee_(African_Union)" title="Trade and Industry Committee (African Union)">Trade and Industry</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rural_Economy_and_Agriculture_Committee" title="Rural Economy and Agriculture Committee">Rural Economy and Agriculture</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Affairs_Committee_(African_Union)" title="Economic Affairs Committee (African Union)">Economic Affairs</a></li>
<li>Women and Gender</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cross-Cutting_Programs_Committee" title="Cross-Cutting Programs Committee">Cross-Cutting Programs</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Financial institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Central_Bank" title="African Central Bank">African Central Bank</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/African_Monetary_Fund" title="African Monetary Fund">African Monetary Fund</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/African_Investment_Bank" title="African Investment Bank">African Investment Bank</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Peace_and_Security_Council" title="Peace and Security Council">Peace and Security Council</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Capacity_for_Immediate_Response_to_Crises" title="African Capacity for Immediate Response to Crises">ACIRC</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/African_Standby_Force" title="African Standby Force">African Standby Force</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Panel_of_the_Wise" title="Panel of the Wise">Panel of the Wise</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations%E2%80%93African_Union_Mission_in_Darfur" title="United Nations–African Union Mission in Darfur">UNAMID</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Mission_in_Burundi" title="African Union Mission in Burundi">AMIB</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Mission_in_Sudan" title="African Union Mission in Sudan">AMIS</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Mission_to_Somalia" title="African Union Mission to Somalia">AMISOM</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/MISCA" title="MISCA">MISCA</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specialised agencies and institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africa_Centres_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention">Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_African_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of the African Union">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Peer_Review_Mechanism" title="African Peer Review Mechanism">APRM</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_African_Union" title="Foreign relations of the African Union">Foreign relations</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/African_Charter_on_Human_and_Peoples%27_Rights" title="African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights">African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/African_Commission_on_Human_and_Peoples%27_Rights" title="African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights">African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_African_Union" title="Enlargement of the African Union">Enlargement</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Africa_Command" title="United States Africa Command">United States Africa Command</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_military_bases" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States military bases">United States military bases</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_ambassadors_to_the_African_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States ambassadors to the African Union">United States ambassadors</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/African_Union%E2%80%93Ethiopia_relations" title="African Union–Ethiopia relations">African Union–Ethiopia relations</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_the_African_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbols of the African Union">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Let_Us_All_Unite_and_Celebrate_Together" title="Let Us All Unite and Celebrate Together">Anthem</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_the_African_Union" title="Emblem of the African Union">Emblem</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_African_Union" title="Flag of the African Union">Flag</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Passport" title="African Union Passport">Passport</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_African_Union" title="Economy of the African Union">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_central_banks_of_Africa" title="List of central banks of Africa">Currencies</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gold_standard#Advocates" title="Gold standard">Gold standard</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/African_Development_Bank" title="African Development Bank">Development Bank</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/African_Economic_Community" title="African Economic Community">African Economic Community</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/New_Partnership_for_Africa%27s_Development" title="New Partnership for Africa's Development">NEPAD</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/African_Continental_Free_Trade_Area" title="African Continental Free Trade Area">African Continental Free Trade Area</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Single_African_Air_Transport_Market" title="Single African Air Transport Market">Single African Air Transport Market</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africa_Day" title="Africa Day">Africa Day</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Monetary_Union" title="African Monetary Union">Afro</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_of_Africa" title="United States of Africa">United States of Africa</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_of_Latin_Africa" title="United States of Latin Africa">United States of Latin Africa</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/East_African_Federation" title="East African Federation">East African Federation</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:African_Union" title="Category:African Union">Category</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:La_Francophonie" title="Template:La Francophonie"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:La_Francophonie" title="Template talk:La Francophonie"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:La_Francophonie" title="Special:EditPage/Template:La Francophonie"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">Organisation internationale de la Francophonie</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">Members</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Republic of the Congo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">National/regional members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Community_of_Belgium" title="French Community of Belgium">French Community of Belgium</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Associate members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">Gambia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Suspended members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assembl%C3%A9e_parlementaire_de_la_Francophonie" title="Assemblée parlementaire de la Francophonie">Assemblée parlementaire de la Francophonie</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Agence_de_Coop%C3%A9ration_Culturelle_et_Technique" title="Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique">Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Agence_universitaire_de_la_Francophonie" title="Agence universitaire de la Francophonie">Agence universitaire de la Francophonie</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French language</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/UN_French_Language_Day" title="UN French Language Day">UN French Language Day</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/International_Francophonie_Day" title="International Francophonie Day">International Francophonie Day</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jeux_de_la_Francophonie" title="Jeux de la Francophonie">Jeux de la Francophonie</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prix_des_cinq_continents_de_la_francophonie" title="Prix des cinq continents de la francophonie">Prix des cinq continents de la francophonie</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Assembl%C3%A9e_des_francophones_fonctionnaires_des_organisations_internationales" title="Assemblée des francophones fonctionnaires des organisations internationales">AFFOI</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/TV5Monde" title="TV5Monde">TV5Monde</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_La_Francophonie" title="LGBT rights in La Francophonie">LGBT rights</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francophone_economy" title="Francophone economy">Francophone economy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Senghor_University" title="Senghor University">Senghor University</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Category:Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">Category</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q971#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q971#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q971#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000123242385">ISNI</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/173167475">VIAF</a></span>
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/140807063">2</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJbtpMQ73yhkyfGmfWMF8C">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11872709n">France</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11872709n">BnF data</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4032097-2">Germany</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007548184005171">Israel</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80061151">United States</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00566558">Japan</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Kongo (Brazzaville)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge131423&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/185bc3c4-4c5a-3f69-9384-7c280dfdf072">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.parliament.uk/jty8D92z">UK Parliament</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/003449">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10035680">NARA</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027544931">IdRef</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion load-gadget" data-gadget="WikiMiniAtlas"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Republic_of_the_Congo&params=1.44_S_15.556_E_type:country"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">1°26′24″S</span> <span class="longitude">15°33′22″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">1.44°S 15.556°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-1.44; 15.556</span></span></span></a></span></span>
</p></div>' |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | '1714162740' |
